Tamara Warren
Lab 1 Notebook
Lab 2 Notebook
Lab 3 Notebook
Lab 4 Notebook
Lab 5 Notebook
Lab 6 Notebook
Lab 7 Notebook
Lab 8 Notebook
Lab 9 Notebook
,Tamara Warren
Lab 1 Notebook
Back to Home Page
Title: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Lab Safety:
• Keep all stray items from lab bench and away from walking pathways.
• Securely place specimens and equipment on the lab bench.
• Do not use unauthorized equipment.
• Do not remove any equipment or specimens from the lab – most preserved specimens
need to be studied in well ventilated areas.
• Chemicals used in lab must be disposed of properly – follow professor’s instructions.
• No food or drink in the lab. Risk of cross-contamination.
• Be aware of safety equipment locations
o Eyewash stations, decon. shower, sharps container
• Wear proper PPE and use proper safety precautions to protect yourself against possible
lab hazards
o Eye goggles, tie long hair back, gloves, lab coat
Anatomical terminology:
• Anatomical position
o Body standing erect, feet flat on floor, arms at sides, palms/eyes/face are facing
forward.
• Planes
o Sagittal plane → divides body into left and right halves
▪ Midsagittal plane → body divided into equal left and right halves – plane
separates the body from the midline
▪ Parasagittal plane → divides body into unequal left and right halves
o Frontal plane/coronal plane → divides body into front (anterior) and back
(posterior) halves.
o Transverse plane → divides body into upper and lower halves
• Directional terms
o Anterior/ventral → towards the front or the stomach
▪ Ex: Sternum is anterior to the heart
o Posterior/dorsal → towards the spinal cord or the back of an individual
▪ Ex: Spinal cord is dorsal to the heart
o Superior → anything above or towards the head
o Inferior → anything below a certain object or towards the feet
,Tamara Warren
o Medial → something closer to the midline
o Lateral → something further away from the midline
▪ Ex: Our fifth digit is medial in anatomical position when compared to the
position of the thumb.
o Proximal → something closer to a point of attachment
o Distal → something further away from the point of attachment
o Superficial → something closer to the body surface
▪ Ex: Skin is the most superficial organ in the body
o Deep → something further from the body surface
▪ Ex: Internal organs are deep when compared to skin.
• Positions
o Prone → lying on the belly, face down
o Supine → lying on the back, face up
Surface Anatomy:
• Helpful because we observe the surface of a body before we observe anything else
• The body is divided into regions to aid in describing areas or injury or disease:
o Axial region → head, neck, trunk – area from waist up
o Trunk further divided into two more regions:
▪ Thoracic → any region above diaphragm which is the muscle to aid in
breathing and is located below the rib cage
▪ Abdominal → anything below the level of the diaphragm
o Abdominal region divided into quadrants:
▪ Upper left and upper right quadrant
▪ Lower left and lower right quadrant
o Appendicular region → upper limbs, lower limbs and girdles that attach to them
o Upper limbs:
▪ Brachium → upper arm – anything from the shoulder to the elbow
▪ Anti-brachium → lower arm – anything from the elbow to the wrist
▪ Carpus → area of the wrist
▪ Manus → the hand
▪ Digits → fingers
o Lower limbs:
▪ Thigh → the top of the leg to the knee
▪ Crus → from the knee to the ankle
▪ Tarsus → ankle region
▪ Pes → foot
▪ Digits → toes
, Tamara Warren
Body Cavities:
• Help to define location of organs and any disease processes that may be occurring.
Describes internal processes.
• Dorsal cavity:
o Cranial cavity → encloses the brain
o Vertebral cavity → encloses the spinal cord
o Dorsal cavity lined with meninges. Meninges protect the structures inside of the
dorsal cavity.
▪ Ex: Lines and protects the brain from outer hard covering of the skull.
Lines and protects spinal cord from the bony column of the vertebrae.
• Ventral cavity:
o Divided by the diaphragm with a superior division and an inferior division.
1. Thoracic cavity:
▪ Located above the level of the diaphragm
▪ Contains 3 subdivisions:
• Left → pleural cavity (contains a lung)
• Right → pleural cavity (contains a lung)
o Left and right pleural cavity is lined by pleura which is a
two layered membrane. Outer layer is called the parietal
pleura and it lines the thoracic cavity. Inner layer is called
the visceral pleura and it covers the surface of the lung
organ.
o Pleural cavity → in-between the parietal and visceral
pleura. Filled with pleural fluid. Inflammation of the pleura
is called pleurisy.
• Mediastinum
o Median portion of thoracic cavity
o Heart and great vessels located here
o Esophagus and trachea
o Thymus gland
o Contains pericardium → two-layer membrane:
▪ Parietal pericardium * outer layer
▪ Visceral pericardium * inner layer that lines the
heart
o Pericardial cavity → Small area that surrounds the heart.
In-between parietal and visceral pericardium. Filled with
pericardial fluid. Inflammation of this cavity is called
pericarditis.
Lab 1 Notebook
Lab 2 Notebook
Lab 3 Notebook
Lab 4 Notebook
Lab 5 Notebook
Lab 6 Notebook
Lab 7 Notebook
Lab 8 Notebook
Lab 9 Notebook
,Tamara Warren
Lab 1 Notebook
Back to Home Page
Title: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Lab Safety:
• Keep all stray items from lab bench and away from walking pathways.
• Securely place specimens and equipment on the lab bench.
• Do not use unauthorized equipment.
• Do not remove any equipment or specimens from the lab – most preserved specimens
need to be studied in well ventilated areas.
• Chemicals used in lab must be disposed of properly – follow professor’s instructions.
• No food or drink in the lab. Risk of cross-contamination.
• Be aware of safety equipment locations
o Eyewash stations, decon. shower, sharps container
• Wear proper PPE and use proper safety precautions to protect yourself against possible
lab hazards
o Eye goggles, tie long hair back, gloves, lab coat
Anatomical terminology:
• Anatomical position
o Body standing erect, feet flat on floor, arms at sides, palms/eyes/face are facing
forward.
• Planes
o Sagittal plane → divides body into left and right halves
▪ Midsagittal plane → body divided into equal left and right halves – plane
separates the body from the midline
▪ Parasagittal plane → divides body into unequal left and right halves
o Frontal plane/coronal plane → divides body into front (anterior) and back
(posterior) halves.
o Transverse plane → divides body into upper and lower halves
• Directional terms
o Anterior/ventral → towards the front or the stomach
▪ Ex: Sternum is anterior to the heart
o Posterior/dorsal → towards the spinal cord or the back of an individual
▪ Ex: Spinal cord is dorsal to the heart
o Superior → anything above or towards the head
o Inferior → anything below a certain object or towards the feet
,Tamara Warren
o Medial → something closer to the midline
o Lateral → something further away from the midline
▪ Ex: Our fifth digit is medial in anatomical position when compared to the
position of the thumb.
o Proximal → something closer to a point of attachment
o Distal → something further away from the point of attachment
o Superficial → something closer to the body surface
▪ Ex: Skin is the most superficial organ in the body
o Deep → something further from the body surface
▪ Ex: Internal organs are deep when compared to skin.
• Positions
o Prone → lying on the belly, face down
o Supine → lying on the back, face up
Surface Anatomy:
• Helpful because we observe the surface of a body before we observe anything else
• The body is divided into regions to aid in describing areas or injury or disease:
o Axial region → head, neck, trunk – area from waist up
o Trunk further divided into two more regions:
▪ Thoracic → any region above diaphragm which is the muscle to aid in
breathing and is located below the rib cage
▪ Abdominal → anything below the level of the diaphragm
o Abdominal region divided into quadrants:
▪ Upper left and upper right quadrant
▪ Lower left and lower right quadrant
o Appendicular region → upper limbs, lower limbs and girdles that attach to them
o Upper limbs:
▪ Brachium → upper arm – anything from the shoulder to the elbow
▪ Anti-brachium → lower arm – anything from the elbow to the wrist
▪ Carpus → area of the wrist
▪ Manus → the hand
▪ Digits → fingers
o Lower limbs:
▪ Thigh → the top of the leg to the knee
▪ Crus → from the knee to the ankle
▪ Tarsus → ankle region
▪ Pes → foot
▪ Digits → toes
, Tamara Warren
Body Cavities:
• Help to define location of organs and any disease processes that may be occurring.
Describes internal processes.
• Dorsal cavity:
o Cranial cavity → encloses the brain
o Vertebral cavity → encloses the spinal cord
o Dorsal cavity lined with meninges. Meninges protect the structures inside of the
dorsal cavity.
▪ Ex: Lines and protects the brain from outer hard covering of the skull.
Lines and protects spinal cord from the bony column of the vertebrae.
• Ventral cavity:
o Divided by the diaphragm with a superior division and an inferior division.
1. Thoracic cavity:
▪ Located above the level of the diaphragm
▪ Contains 3 subdivisions:
• Left → pleural cavity (contains a lung)
• Right → pleural cavity (contains a lung)
o Left and right pleural cavity is lined by pleura which is a
two layered membrane. Outer layer is called the parietal
pleura and it lines the thoracic cavity. Inner layer is called
the visceral pleura and it covers the surface of the lung
organ.
o Pleural cavity → in-between the parietal and visceral
pleura. Filled with pleural fluid. Inflammation of the pleura
is called pleurisy.
• Mediastinum
o Median portion of thoracic cavity
o Heart and great vessels located here
o Esophagus and trachea
o Thymus gland
o Contains pericardium → two-layer membrane:
▪ Parietal pericardium * outer layer
▪ Visceral pericardium * inner layer that lines the
heart
o Pericardial cavity → Small area that surrounds the heart.
In-between parietal and visceral pericardium. Filled with
pericardial fluid. Inflammation of this cavity is called
pericarditis.
