BIO 320 EXAM 2(100% ACCURATE.)
Gene - ANSWERa unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is
held to determine some characteristic of the offspring
Genome - ANSWERthe complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or
organism
Introns - ANSWERnon-coding sections of the RNA that are spliced out before the RNA
is translated into a protein
Exons - ANSWERcoding sections of the RNA that will not be spliced out and will be
present in mRNA
Mature eukaryotic mRNAs have well-defined 3' ends terminating in _____. -
ANSWERpoly-A tails
Eukaryotic mRNA have a _____ consisting of a 7-methyl guanosine residue joined to
the transcript's initial nucleotide. - ANSWER5' cap
Solitary Gene - ANSWERthere is only one copy of the gene, descriptive of most genes
The protein-coding sequences without including introns make up what percentage of the
human genome? - ANSWER1.5
What are the two genes that are tandemly repeated in the human genome? -
ANSWERtRNA and histones
Simple Sequence DNA - ANSWERconstitutes about 6% of the human genome, also
called satellite DNA, concentrated near the centromere, backward slippage is used,
number of repeats are vastly different, simple sequence is mobile; doesn't code for
anything
Paternity determination and criminal identification are based on the variability of the
number of the __________ of each individual. - ANSWERsimple-sequence DNA
Simple Sequence DNAs are known to be located in which areas of the chromosome -
ANSWERfound in centromere and some in telomere; interacts with the kinetochore
Simple Sequence DNA are made by which mechanism? - ANSWERbackward slippage
The simple sequence DNA found in telomeres is synthesized by... -
ANSWERtelomerase
,The tandem repeat sequence to be added on to the 3' end of DNA by telomerase is... -
ANSWERTTAGGG
The RNA template sequence required for synthesizing he tandem repeat sequence is...
- ANSWERAAUCCC
What would be the consequence of down-regulation of telomerase activity during in vitro
cell culture? - ANSWERthe chromosome would get shosrter and shorter each time it
divided, essential genes would be lost
Telomerase is a type of... - ANSWERenzyme: protein-RNA complex
DNA Transposon - ANSWER~3% of genome, a cut and paste mechanism, has inverted
repeats
Retrotransposon - ANSWER~42% of genome, a copy and paste mechanism, has
longer terminal repeat that is not inverted
Transposons - ANSWERconstitutes about 25-50% of the human genome, mobile,
selfish DNA
What mobile sequence is able to move or transpose to a new site of DNA by cutting and
pasting it into a target sequence of DNA? - ANSWERDNA transposons
A primary enzyme that facilitates the transposition of the IS10 element. -
ANSWERtransposase
How do selfish DNA transposons increase in frequency in the genome? -
ANSWERtransposase makes blunt-ended cuts in the donor DNA and staggered cuts in
the target DNA. Then it ligates the insertion enzyme to 5' single stranded ends of target
DNA. Then the cellular DNA polymerase extends the 3' cut ends and the ligase joins the
extended 3' ends to the insertion enzyme 5' ends
Describe the fundamental structural difference between LTR retrotransposon and IS2
element. - ANSWERthe LTR retrotransposon has direct repeats on each side of the
protein coding region while the IS2 eleement has an inverted repeat on one side
Which molecules are required for the transposition of LTR retrotransposon. -
ANSWERRNA polymerase, RNA processing enzymes, Poly(A) polymerase
LINE is a type of _____ that encodes _____ which is used for the hopping of the LINE
sequence into the target site. - ANSWERretrotransposon; reverse transcriptase
Alu sequence is and example of a _____ - ANSWERshort interspersed element
, Short INterspersed Elements - ANSWERretrotransposons that do not encode protein;
they repair damaged DNA
Heterochromatin - ANSWERsmall, darkly staining, irregular particles scattered
throughout the nucleus and accumulated next to the nuclear envelope, abundant in cells
that are less/not active
Euchromatin - ANSWERdispersed but not stainable, prevalent in cells that are active in
transcription of their genes
Transcriptionally inactive regions of DNA are _____ meaning the _____ groups are
removed by _____. - ANSWERhypermethylated; acetyl; histone deacetylase
Transcriptionally active regions are _____ by _____. - ANSWERhyperacetylated;
histone acetyl transferase
Transcription - ANSWERthe process by which the information in a strand of DNA is
copied into a new molecule of RNA
Most genes are actively transcribed during _____ - ANSWERinterphase: the chromatin
is decondensed and spread through the nucleus, the genes are transcribed and DNA is
replicated to prepeare the cell for division
Heterochromatin - ANSWERinactive and condensed
Euchromatin - ANSWERactive and decondensed; histones wrapped very loosely so that
DNA is better accessed
Transcription initiation complex should be classified into the structural hierarchy termed
_____. - ANSWERquaternary
Transcription Initiation Complex - ANSWERa multimerix complex that stimulates or
inhibits the process of transcription
RNA polymerase I produces... - ANSWERrRNA
RNA polymerase II produces... - ANSWERmRNA
RNA polymerase III produces... - ANSWERtRNA
_____ moves along the template strand of the DNA, synthesizing the complementary
single-stranded mRNA molecule. Synthesis is in the __ to __ direction, with new
nucleotides being added to the ___ end of the growing mRNA molecule - ANSWERRNA
polymerase; 5'; 3'; 3'
Gene - ANSWERa unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is
held to determine some characteristic of the offspring
Genome - ANSWERthe complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or
organism
Introns - ANSWERnon-coding sections of the RNA that are spliced out before the RNA
is translated into a protein
Exons - ANSWERcoding sections of the RNA that will not be spliced out and will be
present in mRNA
Mature eukaryotic mRNAs have well-defined 3' ends terminating in _____. -
ANSWERpoly-A tails
Eukaryotic mRNA have a _____ consisting of a 7-methyl guanosine residue joined to
the transcript's initial nucleotide. - ANSWER5' cap
Solitary Gene - ANSWERthere is only one copy of the gene, descriptive of most genes
The protein-coding sequences without including introns make up what percentage of the
human genome? - ANSWER1.5
What are the two genes that are tandemly repeated in the human genome? -
ANSWERtRNA and histones
Simple Sequence DNA - ANSWERconstitutes about 6% of the human genome, also
called satellite DNA, concentrated near the centromere, backward slippage is used,
number of repeats are vastly different, simple sequence is mobile; doesn't code for
anything
Paternity determination and criminal identification are based on the variability of the
number of the __________ of each individual. - ANSWERsimple-sequence DNA
Simple Sequence DNAs are known to be located in which areas of the chromosome -
ANSWERfound in centromere and some in telomere; interacts with the kinetochore
Simple Sequence DNA are made by which mechanism? - ANSWERbackward slippage
The simple sequence DNA found in telomeres is synthesized by... -
ANSWERtelomerase
,The tandem repeat sequence to be added on to the 3' end of DNA by telomerase is... -
ANSWERTTAGGG
The RNA template sequence required for synthesizing he tandem repeat sequence is...
- ANSWERAAUCCC
What would be the consequence of down-regulation of telomerase activity during in vitro
cell culture? - ANSWERthe chromosome would get shosrter and shorter each time it
divided, essential genes would be lost
Telomerase is a type of... - ANSWERenzyme: protein-RNA complex
DNA Transposon - ANSWER~3% of genome, a cut and paste mechanism, has inverted
repeats
Retrotransposon - ANSWER~42% of genome, a copy and paste mechanism, has
longer terminal repeat that is not inverted
Transposons - ANSWERconstitutes about 25-50% of the human genome, mobile,
selfish DNA
What mobile sequence is able to move or transpose to a new site of DNA by cutting and
pasting it into a target sequence of DNA? - ANSWERDNA transposons
A primary enzyme that facilitates the transposition of the IS10 element. -
ANSWERtransposase
How do selfish DNA transposons increase in frequency in the genome? -
ANSWERtransposase makes blunt-ended cuts in the donor DNA and staggered cuts in
the target DNA. Then it ligates the insertion enzyme to 5' single stranded ends of target
DNA. Then the cellular DNA polymerase extends the 3' cut ends and the ligase joins the
extended 3' ends to the insertion enzyme 5' ends
Describe the fundamental structural difference between LTR retrotransposon and IS2
element. - ANSWERthe LTR retrotransposon has direct repeats on each side of the
protein coding region while the IS2 eleement has an inverted repeat on one side
Which molecules are required for the transposition of LTR retrotransposon. -
ANSWERRNA polymerase, RNA processing enzymes, Poly(A) polymerase
LINE is a type of _____ that encodes _____ which is used for the hopping of the LINE
sequence into the target site. - ANSWERretrotransposon; reverse transcriptase
Alu sequence is and example of a _____ - ANSWERshort interspersed element
, Short INterspersed Elements - ANSWERretrotransposons that do not encode protein;
they repair damaged DNA
Heterochromatin - ANSWERsmall, darkly staining, irregular particles scattered
throughout the nucleus and accumulated next to the nuclear envelope, abundant in cells
that are less/not active
Euchromatin - ANSWERdispersed but not stainable, prevalent in cells that are active in
transcription of their genes
Transcriptionally inactive regions of DNA are _____ meaning the _____ groups are
removed by _____. - ANSWERhypermethylated; acetyl; histone deacetylase
Transcriptionally active regions are _____ by _____. - ANSWERhyperacetylated;
histone acetyl transferase
Transcription - ANSWERthe process by which the information in a strand of DNA is
copied into a new molecule of RNA
Most genes are actively transcribed during _____ - ANSWERinterphase: the chromatin
is decondensed and spread through the nucleus, the genes are transcribed and DNA is
replicated to prepeare the cell for division
Heterochromatin - ANSWERinactive and condensed
Euchromatin - ANSWERactive and decondensed; histones wrapped very loosely so that
DNA is better accessed
Transcription initiation complex should be classified into the structural hierarchy termed
_____. - ANSWERquaternary
Transcription Initiation Complex - ANSWERa multimerix complex that stimulates or
inhibits the process of transcription
RNA polymerase I produces... - ANSWERrRNA
RNA polymerase II produces... - ANSWERmRNA
RNA polymerase III produces... - ANSWERtRNA
_____ moves along the template strand of the DNA, synthesizing the complementary
single-stranded mRNA molecule. Synthesis is in the __ to __ direction, with new
nucleotides being added to the ___ end of the growing mRNA molecule - ANSWERRNA
polymerase; 5'; 3'; 3'
