Public Health 150A Midterm || PASSED!
etiology correct answers cause of disease and the relevant risk factors
heart disease correct answers leading cause of death in the us
primary prevention correct answers preventing the development of a disease
ex: immunization, reducing exposure to risk factors
secondary prevention correct answers -detecting disease before there are clinical signs of the
disease
-ex: screening for cancer
-period of natural history called preclinical phase
tertiary prevention correct answers reducing the impact of the disease
ex: rehab for a stroke
host, agent, environment correct answers epidemiological triad
-with vector in the middle
-for interaction to take place, human must be susceptible
direct transmission correct answers person to person transmission by means of contact
indirect transmission correct answers -disease transmission by a common vehicle such as
contaminated air or water supply, or vector
latent disease correct answers -an infection with no active multiplication of the agent
-only the genetic message is present in the host
endemic correct answers habitual presence of a disease within a given geographic area
epidemic correct answers occurrence in the community or a region of a group of illnesses of
similar nature clearly in excess of normal expenctancy
-derived from a common or propagated source
pandemic correct answers worldwide epidemic
herd immunity correct answers -large group of people resistant to an attack because large
group of people immune
-likelyhood is small that infected person will encounter a susceptible person
-disease must be restricted to a single host
-transmission must be direct
-operates optimally when community is continually randomly mixing
incubation period correct answers interval from time of infection to the time of onset of
clinical illness
induction period correct answers interval from time of disease initiation to diagnosis
passive surveillance correct answers -descriptive study
, -routine data used or physician/lab reports
-inexpensive, not comprehensive
active surveillance correct answers -descriptive stud
-project staff seeks out cases of disease
-expensive, more comprehensive
sentile surveillance correct answers intensive collection of case data from only part of the
population
-monitoring key health events through specific sites
-ex: active surveillance at specific hospitals
attack rate correct answers number of people at risk in whom a certain illness develops/total
number of people at risk
-not a true rate (actually a proportion)
rates correct answers tells how fast a disease is occuring in a population, time is always in
cluded in the denominator
-a ratio
incidence rate correct answers number of new cases of disease during a time period/people at
risk for developing that disease in time period
-measures risk
cumulative incidence correct answers -rate calculated using a period of time during which all
the individuals in the population are considered to be at risk
-absolute risk
-probability of disease in total population
-a+c/a+b+c+d
incidence density correct answers -number of new caes during a given time period/total
person-time of observation
proportion correct answers indication of fraction of population affected by disease
-numerator is always included in the denominator
ratio correct answers one number or rate relative to another
counts correct answers absolute number of disease occurrences
prevalence correct answers -the number of affected people present in a population at a
specific time/ the number of persons in the population at the specific time
-proportion
-snapshot of population at the time
-measures burden of disease
this = incidence X duration of disease
period prevalence correct answers how many people have had the disease at any point during
a certain time period
-take population at midpoint
etiology correct answers cause of disease and the relevant risk factors
heart disease correct answers leading cause of death in the us
primary prevention correct answers preventing the development of a disease
ex: immunization, reducing exposure to risk factors
secondary prevention correct answers -detecting disease before there are clinical signs of the
disease
-ex: screening for cancer
-period of natural history called preclinical phase
tertiary prevention correct answers reducing the impact of the disease
ex: rehab for a stroke
host, agent, environment correct answers epidemiological triad
-with vector in the middle
-for interaction to take place, human must be susceptible
direct transmission correct answers person to person transmission by means of contact
indirect transmission correct answers -disease transmission by a common vehicle such as
contaminated air or water supply, or vector
latent disease correct answers -an infection with no active multiplication of the agent
-only the genetic message is present in the host
endemic correct answers habitual presence of a disease within a given geographic area
epidemic correct answers occurrence in the community or a region of a group of illnesses of
similar nature clearly in excess of normal expenctancy
-derived from a common or propagated source
pandemic correct answers worldwide epidemic
herd immunity correct answers -large group of people resistant to an attack because large
group of people immune
-likelyhood is small that infected person will encounter a susceptible person
-disease must be restricted to a single host
-transmission must be direct
-operates optimally when community is continually randomly mixing
incubation period correct answers interval from time of infection to the time of onset of
clinical illness
induction period correct answers interval from time of disease initiation to diagnosis
passive surveillance correct answers -descriptive study
, -routine data used or physician/lab reports
-inexpensive, not comprehensive
active surveillance correct answers -descriptive stud
-project staff seeks out cases of disease
-expensive, more comprehensive
sentile surveillance correct answers intensive collection of case data from only part of the
population
-monitoring key health events through specific sites
-ex: active surveillance at specific hospitals
attack rate correct answers number of people at risk in whom a certain illness develops/total
number of people at risk
-not a true rate (actually a proportion)
rates correct answers tells how fast a disease is occuring in a population, time is always in
cluded in the denominator
-a ratio
incidence rate correct answers number of new cases of disease during a time period/people at
risk for developing that disease in time period
-measures risk
cumulative incidence correct answers -rate calculated using a period of time during which all
the individuals in the population are considered to be at risk
-absolute risk
-probability of disease in total population
-a+c/a+b+c+d
incidence density correct answers -number of new caes during a given time period/total
person-time of observation
proportion correct answers indication of fraction of population affected by disease
-numerator is always included in the denominator
ratio correct answers one number or rate relative to another
counts correct answers absolute number of disease occurrences
prevalence correct answers -the number of affected people present in a population at a
specific time/ the number of persons in the population at the specific time
-proportion
-snapshot of population at the time
-measures burden of disease
this = incidence X duration of disease
period prevalence correct answers how many people have had the disease at any point during
a certain time period
-take population at midpoint
