NUSCTX 11, Midterm 2 - UC Berkeley
Exam Questions and Answers
Neurotoxins CORRECT ANSWERS Target specific vulnerable processes in the brain:
Neurotransmission of information across extracellular space at the synapse
High energy requirements of the brain
Resting Nueron CORRECT ANSWERS Inside of neuron is negatively charged
because there are less positive ions inside of the neuron.
Inside Resting Neuron CORRECT ANSWERS Negatively Charged (less positive ions
Na+, Ca2+)
Outside Resting Neuron CORRECT ANSWERS Positively Charged (more positive
ions Na+, Ca2+)
Excited Neuron CORRECT ANSWERS Na+ and Ca2+ channels open and let in
positive ions Na+ and Ca2+ making the inside of the neuron positive
Inside Excited Neuron CORRECT ANSWERS Positively Charged (more positive ions,
Na+, Ca2+)
Outside Excited Neuron CORRECT ANSWERS Negatively Charged (less positive
ions, Na+, Ca2+)
Restoration of neuron back to resting state CORRECT ANSWERS Positive ions
inside of the cell (Na+, Ca2+) are ejected out of the neuron
Neurotransmission CORRECT ANSWERS Modulates most cellular and physiological
processes including movement, breathing, thinking, perception, and memory.
Neurotransmitters CORRECT ANSWERS Acetylcholine
Glutamate
GABA
Acetylcholine (Transmission) CORRECT ANSWERS Na+, Acetylcholine receptor,
Excitatory
,Glutamate (Transmission) CORRECT ANSWERS Ca2+, Glutamate receptor,
Excitatory
GABA (Transmission) CORRECT ANSWERS Cl-, GABA receptor, Inhibitory
Na+ (Transmission) CORRECT ANSWERS Voltage-gated Na+ channel, Excitatory
Therapeutic Drugs
Illegal Neuroactive Drugs
Neurotransmitter-Associated Toxicants CORRECT ANSWERS Widely target the
process of neurotransmission
Acetylecholine (ACh) CORRECT ANSWERS Binds nicotinic and muscarinic ACh
receptors
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors (mAChR) CORRECT ANSWERS Receptor that
binds with acetylcholine on parasympathetic neruons and raise cyclic adenosine
monophosphate levels and controls secretion (salivation, tearing, urination, digestion,
defecation), heart rate, and breathing
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (nAChR) CORRECT ANSWERS Receptor that
binds with acetylcholine on cholinergic neurons and causes Na+ to flow into the neuron
and controls memory, motor function, and neurotransmission.
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) CORRECT ANSWERS Hyrdrolizes acetylcholine into
acetate and choline
Organophosphates CORRECT ANSWERS Irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase
which leads to the accumulation of acetylcholine at the synapse.
Excess Acetylcholine at the Synapse CORRECT ANSWERS Hyperstimulates mAChR
and nAChR leading to salivating, vomiting, tearing, urinating, defecating, convulsions
and tremors
Symptoms from OP nerve gas exposure CORRECT ANSWERS Convulsions and
tremors
Muscle cramps
Bronchoconstriction
Salivation, lacrimation, urination
Paralysis
Death
Fasciculin CORRECT ANSWERS A 61-residue polypeptide, from green mamba
venom and is a reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase
, Galantamine CORRECT ANSWERS AChE inhibitor found in a small variety of plants,
one of them Narcissus, which is used for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's
disease and other memory impairments
Increases ACh levels in the synapse to compensate for loss of neurons that produce
ACh
Alzheimer's Disease CORRECT ANSWERS Associated with a loss of neurons that
produce acetylcholine
Epibatidine CORRECT ANSWERS Found on the skin of endangered Ecuadorian frog
which stimulates nAChR
Similarity between Nicotine and Epibatidine CORRECT ANSWERS Nicotine is an
nAChR agonist which at high doses can cause nausea and convulsions
Physostigmine CORRECT ANSWERS Produced by Physostigma venenosa plant as
well as eggplant, oranges, leaves of tomatoes and potatoes which inhibit AChE
What happens inside a neuronal cell during repolarization? CORRECT ANSWERS
Flow of positive ions out of the cell; a more negative membrane potential
What occurs a neuronal cell during depolarization? CORRECT ANSWERS Flow of
positive ions into the cell; a more positive membrane potential
Depolarization CORRECT ANSWERS Change in membrane potential from negative
to positive
Opioids CORRECT ANSWERS Endogenous opioids are peptides produced in the
brain include endorphins, endomorphins, dynorphins, and enkephalins that bind the
opioid receptors
Closes Ca2+ channels
Heroin CORRECT ANSWERS Used medically to treat severe pain
Acts by stimulating the opioid receptor
Psychomotor Stimulants CORRECT ANSWERS Cocaine
Amphetamines
Metamphetamines
MDMA
Psychomotor Stimulants at Low to Moderate Doses CORRECT ANSWERS Increased
activity
Talkativeness
Exam Questions and Answers
Neurotoxins CORRECT ANSWERS Target specific vulnerable processes in the brain:
Neurotransmission of information across extracellular space at the synapse
High energy requirements of the brain
Resting Nueron CORRECT ANSWERS Inside of neuron is negatively charged
because there are less positive ions inside of the neuron.
Inside Resting Neuron CORRECT ANSWERS Negatively Charged (less positive ions
Na+, Ca2+)
Outside Resting Neuron CORRECT ANSWERS Positively Charged (more positive
ions Na+, Ca2+)
Excited Neuron CORRECT ANSWERS Na+ and Ca2+ channels open and let in
positive ions Na+ and Ca2+ making the inside of the neuron positive
Inside Excited Neuron CORRECT ANSWERS Positively Charged (more positive ions,
Na+, Ca2+)
Outside Excited Neuron CORRECT ANSWERS Negatively Charged (less positive
ions, Na+, Ca2+)
Restoration of neuron back to resting state CORRECT ANSWERS Positive ions
inside of the cell (Na+, Ca2+) are ejected out of the neuron
Neurotransmission CORRECT ANSWERS Modulates most cellular and physiological
processes including movement, breathing, thinking, perception, and memory.
Neurotransmitters CORRECT ANSWERS Acetylcholine
Glutamate
GABA
Acetylcholine (Transmission) CORRECT ANSWERS Na+, Acetylcholine receptor,
Excitatory
,Glutamate (Transmission) CORRECT ANSWERS Ca2+, Glutamate receptor,
Excitatory
GABA (Transmission) CORRECT ANSWERS Cl-, GABA receptor, Inhibitory
Na+ (Transmission) CORRECT ANSWERS Voltage-gated Na+ channel, Excitatory
Therapeutic Drugs
Illegal Neuroactive Drugs
Neurotransmitter-Associated Toxicants CORRECT ANSWERS Widely target the
process of neurotransmission
Acetylecholine (ACh) CORRECT ANSWERS Binds nicotinic and muscarinic ACh
receptors
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors (mAChR) CORRECT ANSWERS Receptor that
binds with acetylcholine on parasympathetic neruons and raise cyclic adenosine
monophosphate levels and controls secretion (salivation, tearing, urination, digestion,
defecation), heart rate, and breathing
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (nAChR) CORRECT ANSWERS Receptor that
binds with acetylcholine on cholinergic neurons and causes Na+ to flow into the neuron
and controls memory, motor function, and neurotransmission.
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) CORRECT ANSWERS Hyrdrolizes acetylcholine into
acetate and choline
Organophosphates CORRECT ANSWERS Irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase
which leads to the accumulation of acetylcholine at the synapse.
Excess Acetylcholine at the Synapse CORRECT ANSWERS Hyperstimulates mAChR
and nAChR leading to salivating, vomiting, tearing, urinating, defecating, convulsions
and tremors
Symptoms from OP nerve gas exposure CORRECT ANSWERS Convulsions and
tremors
Muscle cramps
Bronchoconstriction
Salivation, lacrimation, urination
Paralysis
Death
Fasciculin CORRECT ANSWERS A 61-residue polypeptide, from green mamba
venom and is a reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase
, Galantamine CORRECT ANSWERS AChE inhibitor found in a small variety of plants,
one of them Narcissus, which is used for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's
disease and other memory impairments
Increases ACh levels in the synapse to compensate for loss of neurons that produce
ACh
Alzheimer's Disease CORRECT ANSWERS Associated with a loss of neurons that
produce acetylcholine
Epibatidine CORRECT ANSWERS Found on the skin of endangered Ecuadorian frog
which stimulates nAChR
Similarity between Nicotine and Epibatidine CORRECT ANSWERS Nicotine is an
nAChR agonist which at high doses can cause nausea and convulsions
Physostigmine CORRECT ANSWERS Produced by Physostigma venenosa plant as
well as eggplant, oranges, leaves of tomatoes and potatoes which inhibit AChE
What happens inside a neuronal cell during repolarization? CORRECT ANSWERS
Flow of positive ions out of the cell; a more negative membrane potential
What occurs a neuronal cell during depolarization? CORRECT ANSWERS Flow of
positive ions into the cell; a more positive membrane potential
Depolarization CORRECT ANSWERS Change in membrane potential from negative
to positive
Opioids CORRECT ANSWERS Endogenous opioids are peptides produced in the
brain include endorphins, endomorphins, dynorphins, and enkephalins that bind the
opioid receptors
Closes Ca2+ channels
Heroin CORRECT ANSWERS Used medically to treat severe pain
Acts by stimulating the opioid receptor
Psychomotor Stimulants CORRECT ANSWERS Cocaine
Amphetamines
Metamphetamines
MDMA
Psychomotor Stimulants at Low to Moderate Doses CORRECT ANSWERS Increased
activity
Talkativeness
