NUSCTX 10, Midterm 2 - UC Berkeley
Exam Questions and Answers
Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Correct Answers -Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Water-Soluble Vitamins - Correct Answers -B complex plus vitamin C
Required in diet
Act as enzyme cofactors
Deficiencies used to be common
People on poor diets often deficient in multiple vitamins
B Vitamins - Correct Answers -Thiamin (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Biotin
Pantothenic Acid
Vitamin B6
Folate
Vitamin B12
Dietary Reference Intakes - Correct Answers -Adequate Intake
Tolerable Upper-Intake Level
Estimated Average Requirement
Recommended Dietary Allowance
Properties of Water Soluble Vitamins - Correct Answers -Dissolve in water
No real stores
Readily excreted
Function: coenzymes and antioxidants
Absorbed by portal system
Not required daily
High doses can be toxic
Subject to cooking and food storage losses
Potassium Sources - Correct Answers -Abundant in fresh foods
Fruits
Vegetables
Lost in processing
,Chloride (Cl-) - Correct Answers -Major extracellular anion
Chloride Source - Correct Answers -Salt
NaCl is 60% Cl-
Chloride Functions - Correct Answers -Fluid balance
Nerve impulse
Part of HCl
Chloride Deficiency - Correct Answers -Rare
Can occur with vomiting
Properties of Fat Soluble Vitamins - Correct Answers -Fat soluble
Stored in tissues
Remain in adipose and liver
Function: hormones, blood clotting, antioxidants
Absorbed by lymphatic system with fats (chylomicrons)
Not required daily
High doses can be toxic
Digestion of fat soluble vitamins - Correct Answers -Require bile acids for absorption
Require digestive enzymes for absorption
Absorbed in the similar manner of fats
Little vitamin K production by gut bacteria
Retinol - Correct Answers -Vitamin A
Retinal - Correct Answers -Visual Cycle
Retinoids - Correct Answers -Support development, growth, reproduction
Epithelia (skin, respiratory, and digestive systems)
Immune System
Nervous System
Vitamin A in the Liver - Correct Answers -Liver breaks down some vitamin A into retinoic
acid and saves the rest for storage
Retinoic Acid - Correct Answers -Reproduction
Nervous System
Epithelia (skin)
, Immune Function
Recommended Dietary Allowance of Vitamin A - Correct Answers -0.3 mg to 1.3 mg:
age, sex, pregnancy, lactation
Toxic Intake - Correct Answers -100 fold > RDA in adults
20 fold > in children
Vitamin K - Correct Answers -Koagulation
Mechanism of Vitamin K Action - Correct Answers -i) Targeted Protein (e.g.
prothrombin)
ii) Vitamin K-dependent enzyme
iii) Modified Protein Binds Ca++(e.g. thrombin)
Vitamin K-Dependent Enzymes - Correct Answers -Activate specific target proteins by
enabling them to bind to calcium.
Vitamin K Functions - Correct Answers -Essential for activating proteins required for:
Blood clotting
Blood vessel repair
Bone density
Preventing soft-tissue calcification
Warfarin - Correct Answers -A vitamin K antagonist that retards blood coagulation
Vitamin E - Correct Answers -Most potent lipid-soluble anti-oxidant known.
Vitamin E protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from oxidative damage.
Vitamin E protects membranes and low density lipoproteins from oxidative damage
Vitamin D - Correct Answers -Cholecalciferol
The sunshine vitamin
Vitamin D Synthesis and Metabolic Activation - Correct Answers -Pre-Vitamin D3
Vitamin D3
25-OH-D3
Calcitriol
Calcitriol - Correct Answers -Hormone produced from Vitamin D3, is the only hormone
that can induce the intestine to absorb dietary Ca++
Hypocalcemia - Correct Answers -Deficiency of calcium in the bloodstream; leads to
tetany and ultimately death.
Exam Questions and Answers
Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Correct Answers -Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Water-Soluble Vitamins - Correct Answers -B complex plus vitamin C
Required in diet
Act as enzyme cofactors
Deficiencies used to be common
People on poor diets often deficient in multiple vitamins
B Vitamins - Correct Answers -Thiamin (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Biotin
Pantothenic Acid
Vitamin B6
Folate
Vitamin B12
Dietary Reference Intakes - Correct Answers -Adequate Intake
Tolerable Upper-Intake Level
Estimated Average Requirement
Recommended Dietary Allowance
Properties of Water Soluble Vitamins - Correct Answers -Dissolve in water
No real stores
Readily excreted
Function: coenzymes and antioxidants
Absorbed by portal system
Not required daily
High doses can be toxic
Subject to cooking and food storage losses
Potassium Sources - Correct Answers -Abundant in fresh foods
Fruits
Vegetables
Lost in processing
,Chloride (Cl-) - Correct Answers -Major extracellular anion
Chloride Source - Correct Answers -Salt
NaCl is 60% Cl-
Chloride Functions - Correct Answers -Fluid balance
Nerve impulse
Part of HCl
Chloride Deficiency - Correct Answers -Rare
Can occur with vomiting
Properties of Fat Soluble Vitamins - Correct Answers -Fat soluble
Stored in tissues
Remain in adipose and liver
Function: hormones, blood clotting, antioxidants
Absorbed by lymphatic system with fats (chylomicrons)
Not required daily
High doses can be toxic
Digestion of fat soluble vitamins - Correct Answers -Require bile acids for absorption
Require digestive enzymes for absorption
Absorbed in the similar manner of fats
Little vitamin K production by gut bacteria
Retinol - Correct Answers -Vitamin A
Retinal - Correct Answers -Visual Cycle
Retinoids - Correct Answers -Support development, growth, reproduction
Epithelia (skin, respiratory, and digestive systems)
Immune System
Nervous System
Vitamin A in the Liver - Correct Answers -Liver breaks down some vitamin A into retinoic
acid and saves the rest for storage
Retinoic Acid - Correct Answers -Reproduction
Nervous System
Epithelia (skin)
, Immune Function
Recommended Dietary Allowance of Vitamin A - Correct Answers -0.3 mg to 1.3 mg:
age, sex, pregnancy, lactation
Toxic Intake - Correct Answers -100 fold > RDA in adults
20 fold > in children
Vitamin K - Correct Answers -Koagulation
Mechanism of Vitamin K Action - Correct Answers -i) Targeted Protein (e.g.
prothrombin)
ii) Vitamin K-dependent enzyme
iii) Modified Protein Binds Ca++(e.g. thrombin)
Vitamin K-Dependent Enzymes - Correct Answers -Activate specific target proteins by
enabling them to bind to calcium.
Vitamin K Functions - Correct Answers -Essential for activating proteins required for:
Blood clotting
Blood vessel repair
Bone density
Preventing soft-tissue calcification
Warfarin - Correct Answers -A vitamin K antagonist that retards blood coagulation
Vitamin E - Correct Answers -Most potent lipid-soluble anti-oxidant known.
Vitamin E protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from oxidative damage.
Vitamin E protects membranes and low density lipoproteins from oxidative damage
Vitamin D - Correct Answers -Cholecalciferol
The sunshine vitamin
Vitamin D Synthesis and Metabolic Activation - Correct Answers -Pre-Vitamin D3
Vitamin D3
25-OH-D3
Calcitriol
Calcitriol - Correct Answers -Hormone produced from Vitamin D3, is the only hormone
that can induce the intestine to absorb dietary Ca++
Hypocalcemia - Correct Answers -Deficiency of calcium in the bloodstream; leads to
tetany and ultimately death.
