BIOS 4400 EXAM 2 WITH 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS!!
thalamus is located in ... - ANSWER diencephalon, near the center of the brain
- forms the dorsolateral walls of 3rd ventricle
function of thalamus - ANSWER relays and processes
sensory signals --> brain --> motor signals
thalami are connected across ..., via ... - ANSWER 3rd ventricle, inter thalamic
adhesion
- this adhesion only exists in 70% of humans
BG is composed of ... - ANSWER caudate nucleus (C), globus pallidus (GP), putamen
(Pu)
... separates medial and lateral nuclei - ANSWER internal medullary lamina
... separates thalamus from its reticular nucleus and internal capsule - ANSWER
external medullary lamina
... separates thalamus from BG & consists of thalamocortical and corticothalamic fibers
- ANSWER internal capsule
AN function - ANSWER memory and emotion
DM function - ANSWER motivation, drive, emotion - sensory integration for abstract
thinking and goal-directed behavior, may play a role in personality
,VA function - ANSWER initiation and planning of movement
VL function - ANSWER modulation and coordination of movement
VPM function - ANSWER somatosensation of head
VPL function - ANSWER somatosensation of body (touch, pain, temp, proprioception)
AN link ... with ... system - ANSWER thalamus, limbic
- papez circuit (emotion circuit involving hippo, thalamus, cingulate gyrus)
AN pathway - ANSWER hypothalamus (maxillary bodies) & hippocampus --> AN <-->
cingulate gyrus & limbic areas
papez circuit
- what is it associated with?
- give pathway - ANSWER emotional processing, memory - spatial and episodic
closed loop
entorhinal cortex --> hippocampus --> mammillary bodies --> AN --> cingulate cortex -->
entorhinal cortex
how the circuit functions in simplified manner (per presenter notes on ppt)
1. hippocampus projects to mammillary bodies via fornix
2. mammillary bodies connect to AN via mammillothalamic tract
3. AN project to cingulate gyrus
4. cingulate gyrus sends projections back to the hippocampus via the entorhinal cortex,
closing the loop
,DM pathway - ANSWER temporal lobe, amygdala, hypothalamus --> DM <--> PFC and
olfactory cortex
VA pathway - ANSWER BG --> VA <--> premotor cortex (area 6)
VL pathway - ANSWER BG and cerebellum --> VL <--> motor cortex (area 4)
VPL pathway - ANSWER lateral spinothalamic and medial lemnisci --> VPL <--> primary
somatosensory cortex (areas 1, 2, 3)
pain temperature, touch, pressure, vibration, position, movement from contralateral
trunk and limbs
VPM pathway - ANSWER ventral trigeminal tract (CN V) --> VPM <--> primary
somatosensory cortex (areas 1, 2, 3)
sensory info from head, face, oral cavity
DBS targets ... thalamic nucleus - ANSWER VIM (ventral intermediate)
- between VA and VL
DBS is used to treat ... - ANSWER essential tremor, PD, psychiatric disorders
Mid (median) function - ANSWER very complex and poorly understood fxn
- pain, emotion, addiction
Mid (median) pathway - ANSWER Mid <--> PFC and limbic system
, IL pathway - ANSWER premotor and sensory cortex --> IL --> motor cortex and BG
CM pathway - ANSWER CM <--> diffusely to cortex, BG (esp. GP), RAS
(neuromodulation, arousal, consciousness)
pulvinar function - ANSWER higher-order visual function
- largest nuclear group of thalamus
- well developed in primates
pulvinar pathway - ANSWER SC, IC, MGB, LGB --> Pul <--> visual association cortex
inferior pulvinar is connected to the ... and ... visual fields - ANSWER dorsal (parietal -
spatial processing, action)
ventral (temporal - object recognition, memory)
superior pulvinar has connections to ..., ..., ..., and ... corticies - ANSWER PFC, frontal,
parietal, and temporal
lateral pulvinar has connections to the ... cortex and retinotopic representation of the ...
visual hemifield - ANSWER visual, contralateral
L visual field projects to R visual cortex
MGB function - ANSWER relay for auditory pathway
MGB pathway - ANSWER brachium of IC --> MGB of thalamus --> ipsilateral primary
auditory cortex (areas 41 & 42)
sound in R ear --> IC --> L thalamus --> L auditory cortex
thalamus is located in ... - ANSWER diencephalon, near the center of the brain
- forms the dorsolateral walls of 3rd ventricle
function of thalamus - ANSWER relays and processes
sensory signals --> brain --> motor signals
thalami are connected across ..., via ... - ANSWER 3rd ventricle, inter thalamic
adhesion
- this adhesion only exists in 70% of humans
BG is composed of ... - ANSWER caudate nucleus (C), globus pallidus (GP), putamen
(Pu)
... separates medial and lateral nuclei - ANSWER internal medullary lamina
... separates thalamus from its reticular nucleus and internal capsule - ANSWER
external medullary lamina
... separates thalamus from BG & consists of thalamocortical and corticothalamic fibers
- ANSWER internal capsule
AN function - ANSWER memory and emotion
DM function - ANSWER motivation, drive, emotion - sensory integration for abstract
thinking and goal-directed behavior, may play a role in personality
,VA function - ANSWER initiation and planning of movement
VL function - ANSWER modulation and coordination of movement
VPM function - ANSWER somatosensation of head
VPL function - ANSWER somatosensation of body (touch, pain, temp, proprioception)
AN link ... with ... system - ANSWER thalamus, limbic
- papez circuit (emotion circuit involving hippo, thalamus, cingulate gyrus)
AN pathway - ANSWER hypothalamus (maxillary bodies) & hippocampus --> AN <-->
cingulate gyrus & limbic areas
papez circuit
- what is it associated with?
- give pathway - ANSWER emotional processing, memory - spatial and episodic
closed loop
entorhinal cortex --> hippocampus --> mammillary bodies --> AN --> cingulate cortex -->
entorhinal cortex
how the circuit functions in simplified manner (per presenter notes on ppt)
1. hippocampus projects to mammillary bodies via fornix
2. mammillary bodies connect to AN via mammillothalamic tract
3. AN project to cingulate gyrus
4. cingulate gyrus sends projections back to the hippocampus via the entorhinal cortex,
closing the loop
,DM pathway - ANSWER temporal lobe, amygdala, hypothalamus --> DM <--> PFC and
olfactory cortex
VA pathway - ANSWER BG --> VA <--> premotor cortex (area 6)
VL pathway - ANSWER BG and cerebellum --> VL <--> motor cortex (area 4)
VPL pathway - ANSWER lateral spinothalamic and medial lemnisci --> VPL <--> primary
somatosensory cortex (areas 1, 2, 3)
pain temperature, touch, pressure, vibration, position, movement from contralateral
trunk and limbs
VPM pathway - ANSWER ventral trigeminal tract (CN V) --> VPM <--> primary
somatosensory cortex (areas 1, 2, 3)
sensory info from head, face, oral cavity
DBS targets ... thalamic nucleus - ANSWER VIM (ventral intermediate)
- between VA and VL
DBS is used to treat ... - ANSWER essential tremor, PD, psychiatric disorders
Mid (median) function - ANSWER very complex and poorly understood fxn
- pain, emotion, addiction
Mid (median) pathway - ANSWER Mid <--> PFC and limbic system
, IL pathway - ANSWER premotor and sensory cortex --> IL --> motor cortex and BG
CM pathway - ANSWER CM <--> diffusely to cortex, BG (esp. GP), RAS
(neuromodulation, arousal, consciousness)
pulvinar function - ANSWER higher-order visual function
- largest nuclear group of thalamus
- well developed in primates
pulvinar pathway - ANSWER SC, IC, MGB, LGB --> Pul <--> visual association cortex
inferior pulvinar is connected to the ... and ... visual fields - ANSWER dorsal (parietal -
spatial processing, action)
ventral (temporal - object recognition, memory)
superior pulvinar has connections to ..., ..., ..., and ... corticies - ANSWER PFC, frontal,
parietal, and temporal
lateral pulvinar has connections to the ... cortex and retinotopic representation of the ...
visual hemifield - ANSWER visual, contralateral
L visual field projects to R visual cortex
MGB function - ANSWER relay for auditory pathway
MGB pathway - ANSWER brachium of IC --> MGB of thalamus --> ipsilateral primary
auditory cortex (areas 41 & 42)
sound in R ear --> IC --> L thalamus --> L auditory cortex
