NTR109 Exam 1 Questions and
Answers 100% Pass
Scientific Method - ✔✔a standard process that scientists use to evaluate and test claims
to determine if the claim can be substantiated by evidence. Also, how scientists are able
to develop broad generalisations or scientific theories.
Steps of the Scientific Method - ✔✔observation, question, hypothesis, prediction,
experiment, iterate
Iterate - ✔✔reflecting on results and using them to guide your next steps
Type of studies - ✔✔Epidemiologic studies, laboratory animal studies, clinical trials
Epidemiologic studies - ✔✔studies of whole population or groups observing patterns of
diseases and associated factors (nutrition) without manipulation or intervention
Laboratory Animal Studies - ✔✔short life span, can study interventions not acceptable
to humans, easier to control diet
Clinical trials - ✔✔control vs intervention group, ideal - randomisation and blinding,
placebo - imitation treatment with no active ingredient
100% Pass Guarantee Olivia West, All Rights Reserved © 2025 1
,Placebo - ✔✔imitation treatment with no active ingredient
proposing a hypothesis - ✔✔a potential solution to your question, must be testable and
falsifiable, not necessarily the right explanation, but a possible explanation that can be
tested
methods of data collection - ✔✔savers, blood results, weight changes over course of the
study
Types of randomisation - ✔✔completely randomised design and randomised block
design
completely randomised design - ✔✔every subject is assigned to a treatment group at
random
randomised block design - ✔✔subjects are first grouped according to a characteristic
they share (i.e. age), then randomly assigned to treatments within these groups
Ethical concerns - ✔✔Human studies - informed consent & may leave at any time
Animal studies - animal housing and handing strictly regulated
Controlling for bias - ✔✔researcher could received unfair benefit based on results, must
disclose when publishing and presenting, findings peer reviewed by scientist familiar
with subject but not influenced by any funding agency, double blind studies diminish
chance of bias
100% Pass Guarantee Olivia West, All Rights Reserved © 2025 2
, Top 10 leading causes of death - ✔✔heart disease, cancer, lung disease, accidental
injuries, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes
Why is nutrition important? - ✔✔diet plays an important role in over 2/3 of deaths in
US and when alcohol is introduced diet plays a role in almost 3/4 of deaths in US
Diseases in which nutrition plays some role - ✔✔osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, some
forms of cancer
Diseases with a strong nutritional component - ✔✔type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high
blood pressure, obesity
Diseases cause by nutritional deficiencies or toxicities - ✔✔pellagra, scurvy, iron-
deficiency anemia, other vitamins and mineral deficiencies, nutrient toxicities
6 classes of nutrients - ✔✔carbohydrates, fat, protein, water, vitamins, minerals
Caloric value of energy nutrients - ✔✔carbohydrates 4 calories/gram, protein 4
calories/gram, fat 9 calories/gram
Nutrient Density - ✔✔comparison of vitamin and mineral content with number of kcals
nutrient dense foods - ✔✔have few kcal and high amounts of certain nutrients,
comparing the calorie content of a food with the weight of the food
empty calorie foods - ✔✔have high calories with limited nutrients
100% Pass Guarantee Olivia West, All Rights Reserved © 2025 3
Answers 100% Pass
Scientific Method - ✔✔a standard process that scientists use to evaluate and test claims
to determine if the claim can be substantiated by evidence. Also, how scientists are able
to develop broad generalisations or scientific theories.
Steps of the Scientific Method - ✔✔observation, question, hypothesis, prediction,
experiment, iterate
Iterate - ✔✔reflecting on results and using them to guide your next steps
Type of studies - ✔✔Epidemiologic studies, laboratory animal studies, clinical trials
Epidemiologic studies - ✔✔studies of whole population or groups observing patterns of
diseases and associated factors (nutrition) without manipulation or intervention
Laboratory Animal Studies - ✔✔short life span, can study interventions not acceptable
to humans, easier to control diet
Clinical trials - ✔✔control vs intervention group, ideal - randomisation and blinding,
placebo - imitation treatment with no active ingredient
100% Pass Guarantee Olivia West, All Rights Reserved © 2025 1
,Placebo - ✔✔imitation treatment with no active ingredient
proposing a hypothesis - ✔✔a potential solution to your question, must be testable and
falsifiable, not necessarily the right explanation, but a possible explanation that can be
tested
methods of data collection - ✔✔savers, blood results, weight changes over course of the
study
Types of randomisation - ✔✔completely randomised design and randomised block
design
completely randomised design - ✔✔every subject is assigned to a treatment group at
random
randomised block design - ✔✔subjects are first grouped according to a characteristic
they share (i.e. age), then randomly assigned to treatments within these groups
Ethical concerns - ✔✔Human studies - informed consent & may leave at any time
Animal studies - animal housing and handing strictly regulated
Controlling for bias - ✔✔researcher could received unfair benefit based on results, must
disclose when publishing and presenting, findings peer reviewed by scientist familiar
with subject but not influenced by any funding agency, double blind studies diminish
chance of bias
100% Pass Guarantee Olivia West, All Rights Reserved © 2025 2
, Top 10 leading causes of death - ✔✔heart disease, cancer, lung disease, accidental
injuries, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes
Why is nutrition important? - ✔✔diet plays an important role in over 2/3 of deaths in
US and when alcohol is introduced diet plays a role in almost 3/4 of deaths in US
Diseases in which nutrition plays some role - ✔✔osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, some
forms of cancer
Diseases with a strong nutritional component - ✔✔type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high
blood pressure, obesity
Diseases cause by nutritional deficiencies or toxicities - ✔✔pellagra, scurvy, iron-
deficiency anemia, other vitamins and mineral deficiencies, nutrient toxicities
6 classes of nutrients - ✔✔carbohydrates, fat, protein, water, vitamins, minerals
Caloric value of energy nutrients - ✔✔carbohydrates 4 calories/gram, protein 4
calories/gram, fat 9 calories/gram
Nutrient Density - ✔✔comparison of vitamin and mineral content with number of kcals
nutrient dense foods - ✔✔have few kcal and high amounts of certain nutrients,
comparing the calorie content of a food with the weight of the food
empty calorie foods - ✔✔have high calories with limited nutrients
100% Pass Guarantee Olivia West, All Rights Reserved © 2025 3
