Nursing Pharmacology Exam 1 Actual Questions And Correct Detailed Verified Answers.

adverse effects - drug effects, sometimes called side effects, that are not the desired therapeutic effects; may be unpleasant or even dangerous brand name - name given to a drug by the pharmaceutical company that developed it; also called a trade name or proprietary name chemical name - name that reflects the chemical structure of a drug drugs - chemicals that are introduced into the body to bring about some sort of change food and drug administration - federal agency responsible for the regulation and enforcement of drug evaluation and distribution policies generic drugs - drugs sold by their generic name; not brand name or trade name product generic name - the original designation that a drug is given when the drug company that developed it applies for approval process genetic engineering - process of altering DNA, usually of bacteria, to produce a chemical to be used as a drug orphan drugs - drugs that have been discovered but would not be profitable for a drug company to develop; usually drugs that would treat only a small number of people; these orphans can be adopted by drug companies to develop over-the-counter drugs - drugs that are available without a prescription for self-treatment of a variety of complaints; deemed to be safe when used as directed pharmacology - the study of the biological effects of chemicals pharmacotherapeutics - clinical pharmacology-the branch of pharmacology that deals with drugs; chemicals that are used in medicine for the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of disease in humans phase 1 study - a pilot study of a potential drug using a small number of selected, usually healthy human volunteers phase 2 study - a clinical study of a proposed drug by selected physicians using actual patients who have the disorder the drug is designed to treat; patients must provide informed consent. phase 3 study - use of a proposed drug on a wide scale in the clinical setting with patients who have the disease phase 4 study - continuous evaluation of a drug after it has been released for marketing preclinical trials - initial trial of a chemical thought to have therapeutic potential; uses laboratory animals, not human subjects teratogenic - having adverse effects on the fetus absorption - what happens to a drug from the time it enters the body until it enters the circulating fluid; intravenous administration causes the drug to directly enter the circulating blood, bypassing the many complications of absorption from other routes active transport - the movement of substances across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; this process requires the use of energy chemotherapeutic agents - synthetic chemicals used to interfere with the functioning of foreign cell populations, causing cell death; this term is frequently used to refer to drug therapy of neoplasms, but it also refers to drug therapy affecting any foreign cell critical concentration - the concentration a drug must reach in the tissues that respond to the particular drug to cause the desired therapeutic effect distribution - movement of a drug to body tissues; the places where a drug may be distributed depend on the drugs solubility, perfusion of the area, cardiac output, and binding of the drug to plasma proteins. enzyme induction - process by which the presence of a chemical that is biotransformed by a particular enzyme system in the liver causes increased activity of that enzyme system excretion - removal of a drug from the body; primarily occurs in the kidneys, but can also occur through the skin, lungs, bile, or feces first-pass effect - a phenomenon in which drugs given orally are carried directly to the liver after absorption, where they may be largely inactivated by liver enzymes before they can enter the general ciruclation; oral drugs frequently are given in higher doses than drugs given by other routes becaouse of this early breakdown glomerular filtration - the passage of water and water-soluble components from the plasma into the renal tubule half-life - the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one half of the peak level it previously acheived hepativ microsomal system - liver enzymes tightly packaged together in the hepatic intracellular structure, responsible for the biotransformation of chemicals, including drugs loading dose - use of a higher dose than what is usually used for treatment to allow the drug to reach the critical concentration sooner