RN Pharmacology Exam 1 Actual Questions And Correct Detailed Verified Answers.

Drug ( or medication) - correct answer Any chemical that can affect living processes within the human body. Pharmacology - correct answer The study of drugs and their origin, nature, properties, and effects on living organisms. Therapeutics (pharmacotherapeutics) - correct answer The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat a disease. Side Effect - correct answer Responses in the body where the drug's effects are neither needed nor wanted that cause problematic, but not harmful, symptoms. Adverse Effect - correct answer Responses in the body where the drug's effects are both undesirable and harmful. Pharmacokinetics - correct answer The study of the movement and action of drugs with particular emphasis on the time required for absorption, duration of action, distribution in the body and method. Pharmacodynamics - correct answer The molecular interactions of a drug with specific biological receptors on or in the body's cells, which lead to a desired therapeutic response. Enteric - correct answer pertaining to the intestines, usually described when taking oral medications. Bypass the stomach acid. 3 Properties for an Ideal Drug - correct answer There is no "perfect" drug, every drug will have a side effect. We want the max benefit with minimal harm. Weigh the pro's and con's. Effectiveness, Safety, and Selectivity. Prior to Medication Administration - correct answer Baseline data (vitals), identifying high risk patients, confirm 5 rights, minimize adverse effects or drug interactions, make PRN decisions, review the nursing process. 5 Rights to Medication Administration - correct answer right patient, right med, right dose, right route, right time Additional: Documentation Nursing Process Components - correct answer ADPIE Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning/Goals, Implementation, Evaluation Subjective - correct answer What the patient says Objective - correct answer What you see Nursing Process: Assessment - correct answer Subjective and Objective data Nursing Process: Planning - correct answer S.M.A.R.T. Goals Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time bound goals Nursing Process: Implementation - correct answer Goals in action, includes the patient's education and nursing interventions in action. Nursing Diagnosis: Evaluation - correct answer Were the goals met? If yes, document if not, document. What to do after anything? - correct answer DOCUMENT Medication Errors - correct answer any preventable event or activity that can cause inappropriate medication use or patient harm. 1.3 Million people are injured and 400,000 die. Causes: Wrong rights. 3 Phases of Medication Administration - correct answer Pharmaceutic Phase, Pharmacokinetic Phase, and Pharmacodynamic Phase Pharmacoceutic Phase - correct answer -Only with oral meds! This is a slower process. -The process in which the tablet becomes solution in the to cross the stomach or small intestines membrane. Where does an enteric coated tablet disintegrate? - correct answer The intestines. The Pharmacokinetic Phase works via - correct answer 4 Processes: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion/elimination. Where is the main site of metabolism? - correct answer The liver *The liver changes lipid soluble substances to water soluble substances for renal excretion 6 Possible Consequences of therapeutic significance for metabolism - correct answer 1. Accelerated renal excretion of drugs (liver is working too well) 2. Drug Inactivation 3. Increased therapeutic action 4. Activation of "prodrugs" (inactive compound becomes active) 5. Increased toxicity 6. Decreased toxicity We have to change a medication in order to? - correct answer Excrete it First Pass Effect (Metabolism) - correct answer Drugs are altered by passing through intestinal lumen to portal vein to the liver. This is why the same drug may be given at different doses via different routes (IV, PO, IM) Oral doses are much higher. Hepatic Enzymes CYP1,2, and 3 inactivate certain oral drugs rapidly. Bioavailability - correct answer The percentage of a drug dose that actually reaches the blood. (percent available for activity) *Bioavailability for IV is 100% After a pill is taken PO what organ has a major impact on it's bioavailability? - correct answer The liver If a pt has liver disease, will that impact the amount of drug that ends up in the bloodstream? - correct answer The liver is the primary organ in "the First Pass effect." The First Pass makes less of the drug available, if the liver is compromised that means there is more drug available to the bloodstream than anticipated. This runs the risk of toxicity, adjust meds according to disease process. Excretion/Elimination Phase - correct answer Primarily accomplished by kidneys If the kidneys aren't filtering the drug out, what is happening to it? - correct answer It stays in the body and leads to toxicity. If there is renal (kidney) impairment what would you expect would have to be done with the drug dosing? - correct answer Decrease dosing. What are the three points to Pharmacodynamics? - correct answer Onset, peak, duration What is the Receptor Theory? - correct answer drugs act through receptors by binding to the receptor site to produce (agonist) or block (antagonist) a response -If a drug fits a receptor, a response will take place. What are some examples of drugs that do not use receptors? - correct answer Antacids, saline laxatives, and antiseptics. Agonist - correct answer Drugs that mimic or produce an effect (Example: epinephrine) Antagonist - correct answer Drugs that prevent or block a response (example: metoprolol) therapeutic range - correct answer the level of drug between the minimum effective concentration (trough) in the plasma for obtaining desired drug action and the minimum toxic (peak) concentration Why is therapeutic range important? - correct answer A medication can be helpful within a range because meds can be extremely effective within the range but when too much is administered it can be toxic or too little is given the effect isn't achieved. Examples of drugs with a NTI (Narrow Therapeutic Index) - correct answer Digoxin, lithium, phenytoin, theophylline, warfarin What is a nursing intervention used to ensure patient's are within the therapeutic range? - correct answer Lab draws to ensure pt's are within their therapeutic range. Peak - correct answer The point at which plasma drug levels are the highest *Toxicity can occur Trough - correct answer The point at which plasma drug levels are the lowest *Toxicity can occur Why would a nurse try to avoid low peak? - correct answer If the peak is too low, no therapeutic effect can take place and resistance can occur, or toxicity can occur.