Human Bio Year 11 Atar Semester 1 Exam
Questions and Answers
Metabolism - Correct Answers -Chemical Reactions that take part in the organsim.
concerned with maintaining homeostasis between energy release and energy utilisation.
- Anabolism
- Catabolism
Anabolism - Correct Answers -Small molecules being built up into larger molecules
requiring energy
Catabolism - Correct Answers -Large Molecules are broken down into smaller ones
releasing energy
RNA - Correct Answers -Single chain of nucleotides containing sugar ribose
DNA - Correct Answers -Double chain of nucleotides, joined by set combinations of
bases.
Glomerular filtration - Correct Answers -renal corpuscle when fluid is forced out of blood
and is collected via the glomerular capsule. Due to higher pressure in glomerulus and
glomerulus decreased diameter of vessels.
Selective Reabsorption - Correct Answers -carried out by cells lining renal tubule
materials reabsorbed; water, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca⁺, Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻
Some wastes such as urea partially reabsorbed
Reabsorption of water regulated by hormones.
Removes substances from filtrate
Permeability of plasma membranes of the cell making up parts of the tubules can be
changed.
tubular secretion - Correct Answers -adds substances to filtrate such as K⁺, H⁺,
creatinine and drugs
Active or passive
removes ions from blood and so controls pH levels of blood
Enzymes - Correct Answers -Proteins that allow chemical reactions to take place at
normal body temperature. Enzymes reduce activation energy so they are catalysts.
Targets 1 substrate per enzyme. Are renewable after completing reaction.
,Substrate - Correct Answers -Molecules on which an enzyme acts. Occurs because
emzyme and substrate have complimentary characteristics; shape and structure
Active site - Correct Answers -Part of enzyme that combines with the substrate
Factors Altering Enzyme Activity - Correct Answers -1) Concentration of enzyme (↑) so
rate of reaction (↑) to the point of all substrate occupied
2) Substrate concentration (↑) so rate of reaction (↑)
to the point of all substrate occupied
3) (↑) Products of reaction will (↓) rate of reaction as less enzymes are combining with
substrate
4) temperature (↑) chemical reactions also (↑) to point (40`c) where protein molecule
bonds fall apart optimum temp is about 36.7`.
5) sensitive to pH of substrate. Optimum pH level
6) requires presence of co-factors which change shape of active site, before they can
catalyse a chemical reaction.
7) Presence of enzyme inhibitors which slow or stop emzyme activity.
Co-factors - Correct Answers -Ions, non-protein molecules that change the shape of the
active site so that an enzyme can combine with the substrate.
- Co-enzymes
Co-enzymes - Correct Answers -Co-factors, non-protein molecules, organic molecules
E.g Vitamins
Cellular respiration - Correct Answers -Process by which organic molecules, taken in as
food, release energy for cell activity. E.g glucose from complex carbohydrates, amino
acids from protein breakdown, fatty acids or glycerol from lipids.
Energy from cellular respiration - Correct Answers -60% released as heat
40% forms compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Formation of ATP - Correct Answers -when inorganic phosphate group joins to a
molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), the phosphate groups in ATP are joined by
high energy bonds.
Stored energy in ATP - Correct Answers -some of the energy of cellular respiration is
stored in the bond between the ADP molecule and the 3rd phosphate group. This bond
is easier broken then bonds 1&2. The ADP molecule can be reused.
Glycolysis - Correct Answers -First phase in the breakdown of glucose. No oxygen is
required. 1 molecule of glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
Pyruvic acid - Correct Answers -Produced during glycolysis. It is then broken down in
cellular respiration or converted to lactic acid no oxygen
, Lactic Acid - Correct Answers -Produced during glycolysis when oxygen isn't available.
Anaerobic Respiration - Correct Answers -After Glycolysis when pyruvic acid molecules
don't have enough oxygen and so lactic acid is produced. Enzymes are in the cytosol
and so it occurs in the cytosol.
Aerobic Respiration - Correct Answers -Complete breakdown glucose to CO₂ and H₂O.
Pyruvic acid is converted to these products. Occurs in the mitochondria. Enzymes are
attached to the internal membrane. After Glycolysis, pyruvic acid molecules enter the
mitochondria where they undergo 2 more reactions;
- Citric Acid Cycle
- Electron Transport System
Catabolic Reactions - Correct Answers -Release energy from the breakdown of
complex molecules.
Anabolic Reactions - Correct Answers -Require energy to build up simple molecules or
store energy.
Synthesis - Correct Answers -Combining of small molecules to make larger molecules
aka anabolism or protein synthesis from amino acids.
Require both matter and energy
Tissues - Correct Answers -Group of cells with a similar function and specialisations
that work together to carry out a particular task.
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle - cardiac - skeletal - involuntary
Nervous
Epithelial Tissue - Correct Answers -Lining tissue. function is secretion, protection,
absorption, filtration. Cells are joined closely together e.g skin outer layer
- Simple cubodial
- Simple Squaremonus
- Simple columnar
- Stratified squaremonous
- Pseudostratified columnar
- Traditional epithelium
Epithelial tissue - Correct Answers -Thick layered, cuboidal cells. Stretchable, e.g
urinary bladder. Collapsed or distended forms
Connective tissue - Correct Answers -Most abundant and widely distributed of the
tissues. Connective tissues perform a variety of functions including support and
protection. Cells are not close together and surrounded by matrix.
Questions and Answers
Metabolism - Correct Answers -Chemical Reactions that take part in the organsim.
concerned with maintaining homeostasis between energy release and energy utilisation.
- Anabolism
- Catabolism
Anabolism - Correct Answers -Small molecules being built up into larger molecules
requiring energy
Catabolism - Correct Answers -Large Molecules are broken down into smaller ones
releasing energy
RNA - Correct Answers -Single chain of nucleotides containing sugar ribose
DNA - Correct Answers -Double chain of nucleotides, joined by set combinations of
bases.
Glomerular filtration - Correct Answers -renal corpuscle when fluid is forced out of blood
and is collected via the glomerular capsule. Due to higher pressure in glomerulus and
glomerulus decreased diameter of vessels.
Selective Reabsorption - Correct Answers -carried out by cells lining renal tubule
materials reabsorbed; water, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca⁺, Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻
Some wastes such as urea partially reabsorbed
Reabsorption of water regulated by hormones.
Removes substances from filtrate
Permeability of plasma membranes of the cell making up parts of the tubules can be
changed.
tubular secretion - Correct Answers -adds substances to filtrate such as K⁺, H⁺,
creatinine and drugs
Active or passive
removes ions from blood and so controls pH levels of blood
Enzymes - Correct Answers -Proteins that allow chemical reactions to take place at
normal body temperature. Enzymes reduce activation energy so they are catalysts.
Targets 1 substrate per enzyme. Are renewable after completing reaction.
,Substrate - Correct Answers -Molecules on which an enzyme acts. Occurs because
emzyme and substrate have complimentary characteristics; shape and structure
Active site - Correct Answers -Part of enzyme that combines with the substrate
Factors Altering Enzyme Activity - Correct Answers -1) Concentration of enzyme (↑) so
rate of reaction (↑) to the point of all substrate occupied
2) Substrate concentration (↑) so rate of reaction (↑)
to the point of all substrate occupied
3) (↑) Products of reaction will (↓) rate of reaction as less enzymes are combining with
substrate
4) temperature (↑) chemical reactions also (↑) to point (40`c) where protein molecule
bonds fall apart optimum temp is about 36.7`.
5) sensitive to pH of substrate. Optimum pH level
6) requires presence of co-factors which change shape of active site, before they can
catalyse a chemical reaction.
7) Presence of enzyme inhibitors which slow or stop emzyme activity.
Co-factors - Correct Answers -Ions, non-protein molecules that change the shape of the
active site so that an enzyme can combine with the substrate.
- Co-enzymes
Co-enzymes - Correct Answers -Co-factors, non-protein molecules, organic molecules
E.g Vitamins
Cellular respiration - Correct Answers -Process by which organic molecules, taken in as
food, release energy for cell activity. E.g glucose from complex carbohydrates, amino
acids from protein breakdown, fatty acids or glycerol from lipids.
Energy from cellular respiration - Correct Answers -60% released as heat
40% forms compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Formation of ATP - Correct Answers -when inorganic phosphate group joins to a
molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), the phosphate groups in ATP are joined by
high energy bonds.
Stored energy in ATP - Correct Answers -some of the energy of cellular respiration is
stored in the bond between the ADP molecule and the 3rd phosphate group. This bond
is easier broken then bonds 1&2. The ADP molecule can be reused.
Glycolysis - Correct Answers -First phase in the breakdown of glucose. No oxygen is
required. 1 molecule of glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
Pyruvic acid - Correct Answers -Produced during glycolysis. It is then broken down in
cellular respiration or converted to lactic acid no oxygen
, Lactic Acid - Correct Answers -Produced during glycolysis when oxygen isn't available.
Anaerobic Respiration - Correct Answers -After Glycolysis when pyruvic acid molecules
don't have enough oxygen and so lactic acid is produced. Enzymes are in the cytosol
and so it occurs in the cytosol.
Aerobic Respiration - Correct Answers -Complete breakdown glucose to CO₂ and H₂O.
Pyruvic acid is converted to these products. Occurs in the mitochondria. Enzymes are
attached to the internal membrane. After Glycolysis, pyruvic acid molecules enter the
mitochondria where they undergo 2 more reactions;
- Citric Acid Cycle
- Electron Transport System
Catabolic Reactions - Correct Answers -Release energy from the breakdown of
complex molecules.
Anabolic Reactions - Correct Answers -Require energy to build up simple molecules or
store energy.
Synthesis - Correct Answers -Combining of small molecules to make larger molecules
aka anabolism or protein synthesis from amino acids.
Require both matter and energy
Tissues - Correct Answers -Group of cells with a similar function and specialisations
that work together to carry out a particular task.
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle - cardiac - skeletal - involuntary
Nervous
Epithelial Tissue - Correct Answers -Lining tissue. function is secretion, protection,
absorption, filtration. Cells are joined closely together e.g skin outer layer
- Simple cubodial
- Simple Squaremonus
- Simple columnar
- Stratified squaremonous
- Pseudostratified columnar
- Traditional epithelium
Epithelial tissue - Correct Answers -Thick layered, cuboidal cells. Stretchable, e.g
urinary bladder. Collapsed or distended forms
Connective tissue - Correct Answers -Most abundant and widely distributed of the
tissues. Connective tissues perform a variety of functions including support and
protection. Cells are not close together and surrounded by matrix.
