Bio 340 Online ASU Exam 2 Questions And
Answers With Verified Solutions Graded A+ Latest
Update 2025.
Loss of function Mutations - ANSWER Cause a gene to lose some or all of it's normal function
Hypomorphic mutations - ANSWER Genes that have lost only some of their function
Null mutations - ANSWER Genes that have lost all of their function
Haplo-sufficient - ANSWER One (haplo) copy is sufficient to produce the wild-type phenotype
in the heterozygous genotype
Fully dominant mutations - ANSWER Phenotype of a fully dominant mutation is seen in both
heterozygous and homozygous dominant individuals.
Gain-of-function - ANSWER gene product acquires a new function or express increased wild
type activity
Loss-of-function - ANSWER there is a significant decrease or complete loss of functional gene
product
Incomplete dominance - ANSWER phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between the
phenotypes of the two homozygotes on some quantitative scale (color, size, etc)
Codominance - ANSWER Phenotypes of both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote
and leads to a different phenotype than either homozygotes.
Allelic series of the C gene - ANSWER Wild type allele: C, produces full coat color
c^ch: produces a dilute phenotype, chinchilla
c^h: produces phenotype called Himalayan with little pigment on the body but full color on the
extremities (non functional at higher body temps).
c:Fully recessive, null allele and produces an albino phenotype
complementation tests - ANSWER Determine if mutations that cause the same phenotype are in
the same or different genes.
Epistatic interactions - ANSWER when 2 or more genes affect the same phenotype by
influencing a common pathway.
Epistatic gene interaction ratios - ANSWER None 9:3:3:1
Complementary 9:7
Duplicate 15:1
, Dominant 9:6:1
Recessive epistatic 9:3:4
Dominant epistasis 12:3:1
Dominant suppression 13:3
Duplicate gene interaction - ANSWER (15:1)Genes that encode the same product or products
that have the same effect in a pathway. Ex: P or R produce purple flowers but pr produces white.
Dominant Gene interaction - ANSWER (9:6:1)Organisms that have A and B will have a specific
phenotype, organisms with A or B will have a different phenotype and organisms with homozygous
recessive will have neither.
Recessive Epistasis - ANSWER (9:3:4) B and E produce black, just E produces brown, just B
will produce golden and bbee will also produce golden. B for black is not expressed unless E is present.
Dominant Epistasis - ANSWER (12:3:1) In dominant epistasis a dominant allele of one gene
masks or reduces the expression of either allele of the other gene. Ex: W_Y_: white, W_yy: white,
wwY_: yellow, wwyy: green A Dominant W masks dominant Y
Dominant suppression - ANSWER Occurs when the dominant allele of one gene suppresses the
expression of a dominant allele of a 2nd gene. Ex: C_I_: white, C_ii: colored, ccI_: white, ccii: white
when I is present it's white.
Lethality in Agouti Locus - ANSWER In mice, wild type coat is agouti (yellow and black
pigment) A dominant allele of agouti, A^Y causes yellow pigment to be deposited along the entire hair=>
yellow coat. The A^Y allele is recessive embryonic lethal, so all yellow mice are heterozygous(A^Y,
A^Y=lethal).
syntenic genes - ANSWER Genes that are on the same chromosome.
Linked genes - ANSWER Syntenic genes tat are so close together that their alleles can't assort
independently. Genetic linkage produces progeny with parental phenotypes more often than expected for
independent genes.
Non-recombinant chromosomes/parental chromosomes - ANSWER Homologs that do not
reshuffle alleles under study.
Genetic Linkage mapping - ANSWER plots the positions of genes on chromosomes
conserved synteny - ANSWER Genes are located on the homologous chromosome in
comparison species. Order of gene is not known.
Disrupted synteny - ANSWER Genes that are on the same chromosome in one species are on
different chromosomes in another species.
conserved linkage - ANSWER conservation of both synteny and gene order of homologous
genes between species.
disrupted linkage - ANSWER A difference of gene order between the species.
Chromosomal Inversion - ANSWER Small blocks of genes get flipped around
Answers With Verified Solutions Graded A+ Latest
Update 2025.
Loss of function Mutations - ANSWER Cause a gene to lose some or all of it's normal function
Hypomorphic mutations - ANSWER Genes that have lost only some of their function
Null mutations - ANSWER Genes that have lost all of their function
Haplo-sufficient - ANSWER One (haplo) copy is sufficient to produce the wild-type phenotype
in the heterozygous genotype
Fully dominant mutations - ANSWER Phenotype of a fully dominant mutation is seen in both
heterozygous and homozygous dominant individuals.
Gain-of-function - ANSWER gene product acquires a new function or express increased wild
type activity
Loss-of-function - ANSWER there is a significant decrease or complete loss of functional gene
product
Incomplete dominance - ANSWER phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between the
phenotypes of the two homozygotes on some quantitative scale (color, size, etc)
Codominance - ANSWER Phenotypes of both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote
and leads to a different phenotype than either homozygotes.
Allelic series of the C gene - ANSWER Wild type allele: C, produces full coat color
c^ch: produces a dilute phenotype, chinchilla
c^h: produces phenotype called Himalayan with little pigment on the body but full color on the
extremities (non functional at higher body temps).
c:Fully recessive, null allele and produces an albino phenotype
complementation tests - ANSWER Determine if mutations that cause the same phenotype are in
the same or different genes.
Epistatic interactions - ANSWER when 2 or more genes affect the same phenotype by
influencing a common pathway.
Epistatic gene interaction ratios - ANSWER None 9:3:3:1
Complementary 9:7
Duplicate 15:1
, Dominant 9:6:1
Recessive epistatic 9:3:4
Dominant epistasis 12:3:1
Dominant suppression 13:3
Duplicate gene interaction - ANSWER (15:1)Genes that encode the same product or products
that have the same effect in a pathway. Ex: P or R produce purple flowers but pr produces white.
Dominant Gene interaction - ANSWER (9:6:1)Organisms that have A and B will have a specific
phenotype, organisms with A or B will have a different phenotype and organisms with homozygous
recessive will have neither.
Recessive Epistasis - ANSWER (9:3:4) B and E produce black, just E produces brown, just B
will produce golden and bbee will also produce golden. B for black is not expressed unless E is present.
Dominant Epistasis - ANSWER (12:3:1) In dominant epistasis a dominant allele of one gene
masks or reduces the expression of either allele of the other gene. Ex: W_Y_: white, W_yy: white,
wwY_: yellow, wwyy: green A Dominant W masks dominant Y
Dominant suppression - ANSWER Occurs when the dominant allele of one gene suppresses the
expression of a dominant allele of a 2nd gene. Ex: C_I_: white, C_ii: colored, ccI_: white, ccii: white
when I is present it's white.
Lethality in Agouti Locus - ANSWER In mice, wild type coat is agouti (yellow and black
pigment) A dominant allele of agouti, A^Y causes yellow pigment to be deposited along the entire hair=>
yellow coat. The A^Y allele is recessive embryonic lethal, so all yellow mice are heterozygous(A^Y,
A^Y=lethal).
syntenic genes - ANSWER Genes that are on the same chromosome.
Linked genes - ANSWER Syntenic genes tat are so close together that their alleles can't assort
independently. Genetic linkage produces progeny with parental phenotypes more often than expected for
independent genes.
Non-recombinant chromosomes/parental chromosomes - ANSWER Homologs that do not
reshuffle alleles under study.
Genetic Linkage mapping - ANSWER plots the positions of genes on chromosomes
conserved synteny - ANSWER Genes are located on the homologous chromosome in
comparison species. Order of gene is not known.
Disrupted synteny - ANSWER Genes that are on the same chromosome in one species are on
different chromosomes in another species.
conserved linkage - ANSWER conservation of both synteny and gene order of homologous
genes between species.
disrupted linkage - ANSWER A difference of gene order between the species.
Chromosomal Inversion - ANSWER Small blocks of genes get flipped around
