VM 575 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS
WITH ACCURATE AND VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS.
What might you see on an immunohistochemistry slide of a canine with
parvovirus?
Intranuclear inclusions - the virus replicates inside the nucleus and deposits viral
proteins
Why would canine parvovirus cause leukopenia?
The bone marrow is a site of actively dividing cells!
What can cause a false positive parvovirus PCR result?
Recent vaccination with MLV! Make sure you tell the lab if the animal was
recently vaccinated
Why do puppies need so many booster vaccines?
Maternal antibodies wane by about 8 weeks, and a single vaccine has not
conferred adequate antibody levels to protect the puppy
Need to build immunity exponentially by giving 3-4 doses by 16 w/o
T or F: vaccinating a puppy at 3 weeks old is a good idea
F - unnecessary, maternal antibodies do not begin to wane until 6-8 weeks,
can cause interference
T or F: adult dogs are more at risk of inteussusception of the gut due to
hypermotility
F - puppies are more susceptible
T or F: injectable nutrition in a parvo puppy is more effective than NG tube
enteronutrition
,F! Gut absorbs better from luminal side than serosal side
T or F: for parvovirus patients, outpatient therapy has the same prognosis
as inpatient hospitalization treatment
F
inpatient: 90-95% survival
outpatient: 50-60% survival
T or F: Diarrhea is decreased water content or volume of feces
F - diarrhea is increased water content or volume of feces
All are mechanisms of diarrhea except:
A. Hyperpermeability
B. Deranged motility
C. Secretory
D. Hypoosmolar
E. Osmotic (malabsorption/maldigestion)
D. Hypoosmolar
Describe the mechanism of osmotic diarrhea
Solutes cannot be absorb across the intestinal lumen, increasing the osmolarity
of the lumen, which pulls water into the lumen
Name 3 causes for osmotic diarrhea
1. loss of absorptive surface from infectious disease
2. decreased/blocking absorption from neoplasia
3. osmotic
Describe the mechanism for secretory diarrhea
Mediators (such as bacterial toxins or inflammatory mediators) can influence
cellular signaling and cAMP/cGMP levels, opening CFTR and increasing Cl-
and water secretion into the lumen
Describe the mechanism for hyperpermeability diarrhea
,Loss of tight junctions or enterocytes themselves, allowing material to move
back and forth between the lumen and mucosa, and even the bloodstream
Which is a cause of hypermotile diarrhea?
A. Parasites
B. Inflammation
C. Stress
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
What do EPEC and EHEC use to attach to host cells?
A. Adherin
B. Intimin (eae)
C. Shiga-like toxin 1
D. Flagella
B. Intimin (eae)
T or F: EPEC uses shiga-like toxins to cause endothelial damage and
hemorrhagic diarrhea
F - EHEC uses shiga-like toxins to cause endothelial damage and hemorrhagic
diarrhea
T or F: Attaching and effacing E. coli (AEEC) only colonize the colon
F - AEEC colonize both the small and large intestine
What is the significance of eae and other virulence genes of E. coli in a
diagnostic sense?
Its presence can be used for molecular diagnostic techniques, PCR uses specific
primers that target each virulence gene to distinguish commensal E. coli from
pathogenic E. coli
How do AEEC efface the microvilli?
A. Rearrange the enterocyte cytoskeleton
B. Cuts them off with a knife
, C. Cause the cells to swell with fluid
D. Induce apoptosis
A. Rearrange the enterocyte cytoskeleton
AEEC only cause ______ lesions (in terms of visibility)
electron microscopic, can't really see any lesions on histopath
Disrupting tight junctions and preventing glucose absorption by inhibiting
Na+ channels are features of which enteropathogen?
A. EPEC
B. EHEC
C. ETEC
A. EPEC
Although EHEC is very rare, why is it so concerning?
It is zoonotic!
ETEC mainly affects which 2 neonatal species?
A. puppies and kittens
B. calves and foals
C. calves and piglets
D. calves and puppies
C. calves and piglets
ETEC causes which mechanism of diarrhea?
A. osmotic
B. secretory
C. hyperpermeability
D. disordered motility
B. secretory
T or F: ETEC also uses intimin and T3SS to adhere to host cells
F - ETEC uses fimbriae (F/K)
T or F: ETEC colonizes the same organs that AEEC colonize
WITH ACCURATE AND VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS.
What might you see on an immunohistochemistry slide of a canine with
parvovirus?
Intranuclear inclusions - the virus replicates inside the nucleus and deposits viral
proteins
Why would canine parvovirus cause leukopenia?
The bone marrow is a site of actively dividing cells!
What can cause a false positive parvovirus PCR result?
Recent vaccination with MLV! Make sure you tell the lab if the animal was
recently vaccinated
Why do puppies need so many booster vaccines?
Maternal antibodies wane by about 8 weeks, and a single vaccine has not
conferred adequate antibody levels to protect the puppy
Need to build immunity exponentially by giving 3-4 doses by 16 w/o
T or F: vaccinating a puppy at 3 weeks old is a good idea
F - unnecessary, maternal antibodies do not begin to wane until 6-8 weeks,
can cause interference
T or F: adult dogs are more at risk of inteussusception of the gut due to
hypermotility
F - puppies are more susceptible
T or F: injectable nutrition in a parvo puppy is more effective than NG tube
enteronutrition
,F! Gut absorbs better from luminal side than serosal side
T or F: for parvovirus patients, outpatient therapy has the same prognosis
as inpatient hospitalization treatment
F
inpatient: 90-95% survival
outpatient: 50-60% survival
T or F: Diarrhea is decreased water content or volume of feces
F - diarrhea is increased water content or volume of feces
All are mechanisms of diarrhea except:
A. Hyperpermeability
B. Deranged motility
C. Secretory
D. Hypoosmolar
E. Osmotic (malabsorption/maldigestion)
D. Hypoosmolar
Describe the mechanism of osmotic diarrhea
Solutes cannot be absorb across the intestinal lumen, increasing the osmolarity
of the lumen, which pulls water into the lumen
Name 3 causes for osmotic diarrhea
1. loss of absorptive surface from infectious disease
2. decreased/blocking absorption from neoplasia
3. osmotic
Describe the mechanism for secretory diarrhea
Mediators (such as bacterial toxins or inflammatory mediators) can influence
cellular signaling and cAMP/cGMP levels, opening CFTR and increasing Cl-
and water secretion into the lumen
Describe the mechanism for hyperpermeability diarrhea
,Loss of tight junctions or enterocytes themselves, allowing material to move
back and forth between the lumen and mucosa, and even the bloodstream
Which is a cause of hypermotile diarrhea?
A. Parasites
B. Inflammation
C. Stress
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
What do EPEC and EHEC use to attach to host cells?
A. Adherin
B. Intimin (eae)
C. Shiga-like toxin 1
D. Flagella
B. Intimin (eae)
T or F: EPEC uses shiga-like toxins to cause endothelial damage and
hemorrhagic diarrhea
F - EHEC uses shiga-like toxins to cause endothelial damage and hemorrhagic
diarrhea
T or F: Attaching and effacing E. coli (AEEC) only colonize the colon
F - AEEC colonize both the small and large intestine
What is the significance of eae and other virulence genes of E. coli in a
diagnostic sense?
Its presence can be used for molecular diagnostic techniques, PCR uses specific
primers that target each virulence gene to distinguish commensal E. coli from
pathogenic E. coli
How do AEEC efface the microvilli?
A. Rearrange the enterocyte cytoskeleton
B. Cuts them off with a knife
, C. Cause the cells to swell with fluid
D. Induce apoptosis
A. Rearrange the enterocyte cytoskeleton
AEEC only cause ______ lesions (in terms of visibility)
electron microscopic, can't really see any lesions on histopath
Disrupting tight junctions and preventing glucose absorption by inhibiting
Na+ channels are features of which enteropathogen?
A. EPEC
B. EHEC
C. ETEC
A. EPEC
Although EHEC is very rare, why is it so concerning?
It is zoonotic!
ETEC mainly affects which 2 neonatal species?
A. puppies and kittens
B. calves and foals
C. calves and piglets
D. calves and puppies
C. calves and piglets
ETEC causes which mechanism of diarrhea?
A. osmotic
B. secretory
C. hyperpermeability
D. disordered motility
B. secretory
T or F: ETEC also uses intimin and T3SS to adhere to host cells
F - ETEC uses fimbriae (F/K)
T or F: ETEC colonizes the same organs that AEEC colonize
