PHAR 100 EXAM 2O25/2026 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
Path of drug from when it enters to exits the body - 1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Excretion
Absorption - the movement of the drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream
Distribution - the movement of a drug from the blood to the site of action and other tissues
Metabolism - the conversion of a drug to a different chemical compound.
Excretion - moving of the drug and its metabolites out of the body
Routes of drug administration - 1. Topical
- On the skin
-Transdermal
-Inhalation
2. Enteral
-Oral
-Suppository
-Buccal
3.Parenteral
-IV
-IM
-Subcutaneous
, Why and how do adverse drug reactions occur? - Example: a receptor is activated in a blood vessel
by a drug designed to treat hypertension. The rector is activated by the ligand that is bound to it, and
the blood pressure is lowered. However, this receptor may located in other areas of the body. The
subsequent activation of this receptor in other areas of the body is an example of an adverse effect.
Adverse effects - 1. Extension of therapeutic effect
2. Unrelated to main drug action
3. Allergic reaction
4. Dependence and addiction
5. Teratogenesis
6. Adverse biotransformation reactions
Why does drug variability exist - 1. Genetic Factors
2. Environmental factors
3. Diseased states (cardiovascular or kidney disease for example)
4. Altered Physiological state
-pregnant or elderly
5. Other drugs present (competition)
The process of developing a new drug - 1. Pre-clinical testing
-safety and potential efficacy in lab animals
2. Phase I Clinical Trial
-safety and tolerability in healthy volunteers
3. Phase II
-effectiveness and safety in a small number of patients
4. Phase III
-effectiveness and safety in a large number of patients
5. Phase IV
AND ANSWERS
Path of drug from when it enters to exits the body - 1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Excretion
Absorption - the movement of the drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream
Distribution - the movement of a drug from the blood to the site of action and other tissues
Metabolism - the conversion of a drug to a different chemical compound.
Excretion - moving of the drug and its metabolites out of the body
Routes of drug administration - 1. Topical
- On the skin
-Transdermal
-Inhalation
2. Enteral
-Oral
-Suppository
-Buccal
3.Parenteral
-IV
-IM
-Subcutaneous
, Why and how do adverse drug reactions occur? - Example: a receptor is activated in a blood vessel
by a drug designed to treat hypertension. The rector is activated by the ligand that is bound to it, and
the blood pressure is lowered. However, this receptor may located in other areas of the body. The
subsequent activation of this receptor in other areas of the body is an example of an adverse effect.
Adverse effects - 1. Extension of therapeutic effect
2. Unrelated to main drug action
3. Allergic reaction
4. Dependence and addiction
5. Teratogenesis
6. Adverse biotransformation reactions
Why does drug variability exist - 1. Genetic Factors
2. Environmental factors
3. Diseased states (cardiovascular or kidney disease for example)
4. Altered Physiological state
-pregnant or elderly
5. Other drugs present (competition)
The process of developing a new drug - 1. Pre-clinical testing
-safety and potential efficacy in lab animals
2. Phase I Clinical Trial
-safety and tolerability in healthy volunteers
3. Phase II
-effectiveness and safety in a small number of patients
4. Phase III
-effectiveness and safety in a large number of patients
5. Phase IV
