1. Which of the following is a limitation of using observational
research?
A. It can be used to establish causal relationships.
B. It is subject to researcher bias.
C. It is always unethical.
D. It requires large sample sizes.
Answer: b) It is subject to researcher bias.
Rationale: Observational research may suffer from bias, as the
researcher’s presence or interpretation of the behavior may influence
the results.
2. In statistical analysis, what is a confidence interval used for?
A. To test hypotheses.
B. To calculate the mean of a population.
C. To estimate the range in which a population parameter lies.
D. To determine the significance of a correlation.
Answer: c) To estimate the range in which a population parameter lies.
Rationale: A confidence interval gives a range of values within which
the true population parameter is likely to fall, with a certain level of
confidence.
,3. Which type of data is categorized as nominal data?
A. Height in centimeters.
B. Test scores in percentages.
C. Gender (male/female).
D. Temperature in degrees Celsius.
Answer: c) Gender (male/female).
Rationale: Nominal data consists of categories that are distinct but have
no inherent order, such as gender or color.
4. What is the purpose of a literature review in a research project?
A. To demonstrate the researcher’s knowledge of the topic.
B. To summarize previous research and identify gaps in knowledge.
C. To increase the length of the research paper.
D. To present new experimental data.
Answer: b) To summarize previous research and identify gaps in
knowledge.
Rationale: A literature review provides a comprehensive overview of
existing research, helping the researcher identify areas where more
investigation is needed.
5. What does a “double-blind” study design help control for?
A. Random sampling bias.
B. The influence of the experimenter's expectations on the participants.
, C. Ethical concerns regarding informed consent.
D. The independent variable's impact on the dependent variable.
Answer: b) The influence of the experimenter's expectations on the
participants.
Rationale: In a double-blind study, neither the participants nor the
experimenters know who is receiving the treatment, helping to prevent
bias from expectations influencing the results.
6. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?
A. A hypothesis is a general principle, while a theory is a testable
proposition.
B. A hypothesis is specific and testable, while a theory is a broad
explanation.
C. A hypothesis and a theory are essentially the same.
D. A hypothesis is always based on experimental data, while a theory is
not.
Answer: b) A hypothesis is specific and testable, while a theory is a
broad explanation.
Rationale: A hypothesis is a testable statement or prediction, while a
theory is a well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural
world, based on a body of evidence.
7. Which of the following is a characteristic of a good research
hypothesis?
research?
A. It can be used to establish causal relationships.
B. It is subject to researcher bias.
C. It is always unethical.
D. It requires large sample sizes.
Answer: b) It is subject to researcher bias.
Rationale: Observational research may suffer from bias, as the
researcher’s presence or interpretation of the behavior may influence
the results.
2. In statistical analysis, what is a confidence interval used for?
A. To test hypotheses.
B. To calculate the mean of a population.
C. To estimate the range in which a population parameter lies.
D. To determine the significance of a correlation.
Answer: c) To estimate the range in which a population parameter lies.
Rationale: A confidence interval gives a range of values within which
the true population parameter is likely to fall, with a certain level of
confidence.
,3. Which type of data is categorized as nominal data?
A. Height in centimeters.
B. Test scores in percentages.
C. Gender (male/female).
D. Temperature in degrees Celsius.
Answer: c) Gender (male/female).
Rationale: Nominal data consists of categories that are distinct but have
no inherent order, such as gender or color.
4. What is the purpose of a literature review in a research project?
A. To demonstrate the researcher’s knowledge of the topic.
B. To summarize previous research and identify gaps in knowledge.
C. To increase the length of the research paper.
D. To present new experimental data.
Answer: b) To summarize previous research and identify gaps in
knowledge.
Rationale: A literature review provides a comprehensive overview of
existing research, helping the researcher identify areas where more
investigation is needed.
5. What does a “double-blind” study design help control for?
A. Random sampling bias.
B. The influence of the experimenter's expectations on the participants.
, C. Ethical concerns regarding informed consent.
D. The independent variable's impact on the dependent variable.
Answer: b) The influence of the experimenter's expectations on the
participants.
Rationale: In a double-blind study, neither the participants nor the
experimenters know who is receiving the treatment, helping to prevent
bias from expectations influencing the results.
6. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?
A. A hypothesis is a general principle, while a theory is a testable
proposition.
B. A hypothesis is specific and testable, while a theory is a broad
explanation.
C. A hypothesis and a theory are essentially the same.
D. A hypothesis is always based on experimental data, while a theory is
not.
Answer: b) A hypothesis is specific and testable, while a theory is a
broad explanation.
Rationale: A hypothesis is a testable statement or prediction, while a
theory is a well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural
world, based on a body of evidence.
7. Which of the following is a characteristic of a good research
hypothesis?
