BIOCHEM MIDTERN EXAM 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
100% ACCURATE ANSWERS
glucogenic pathway converts _____ to _____ - pyruvate, glucose
what precursors are converted to pyruvate? - lactate, amino acids, glycerol
true of false: gluconeogenesis is the reversal of glycolysis - false
the conversion of pyruvate into phosphoenolpyruvate begins with the formation of _____. This uses
____ and is catalysed by _____, requires coenzyme _____. Occurs in the ____. - oxaloacetate
1 ATP
pyruvate carboxylase
biotin
mitochondria
Oxaloacetate is shuttled into the _____ and converted to _____. First, oxaloacetate reduced to _____
by _____, which provides ____ for subsequent steps. Next, oxaloacetates is decarboxylated and
phosphorylated by ____ to generate _____. Driven by ____. - cytoplasm, phosphoenolpyruvate
malate, malate dehydrogenase, NADH
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxin’s, phosphoenolpyruvate
decarboxylation
The next irreversible step in gluconeogenesis is the conversion of F-1,6-BP to _____ - F-6-P
F-6-P is converted to ____ which is converted to ____. Glucose is formed in the _____ - G-6-P,
glycogen
liver
gluconeogenesis is powered to hydrolysis of ____ - ATP
when glucose is abundant, _____ will predominate. When glucose is scarce, _____ will take over -
glycolysis
,gluconeogenesis
key regulation site of gluconeogenesis - F-1,6-BP --> F-6-P
High AMP stimulates _____ and inhibits ____. _____ turned on - phosphofructokinase
fructose-1,6-biphosphatase
glycolysis
high ATP and citrate _____ phosphofructokinase and _____ fructose-1,6-biphosphatase.
Gluconeogensis turned ___ - inhibit
activate
on
pyruvate kinase inhibited by ____ and _____
pyruvate carboxylase inhibited by ___, stimulated by _____ - ATP, alanine
ADP, acetyl CoA
the balance between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver is sensitive to _____ - blood-glucose
concentration
in type 2 diabetes, insulin fails to inhibit _____ - gluconeogenesis
in the first step of glycogen breakdown, _____ cleaves glycogen to release ____ - phosphorylase, G-
1-P
breakdown of glycogen also requires a _____ enzyme - debranching
______ converts G-1-P to _____ - phosphoglucomutase
G-6-P
the liver contains _____, an enzyme that cleaves the phosphate group from G-6-P and allows it to
leave the liver - glucose-6-phosphatase
, phosphorylase is regulated by several allosteric effectors that signal the ____ of the cell, as well as by
reversible phosphorylation, which is responsive to ____ such as ____, ____, ____ - energy state
hormones
insulin, epinephrine
glucagon
the liver maintains glucose homeostasis for _____, whereas the muscle uses glucose to produce
energy for _____ - the whole organism
itself
active of form of liver phosphorylase
inactive form of liver phosphorylase - a
b
the default state of liver phosphorylase is ___ - a
the default state of muscle phosphorylase is ___. It is activated by high ___, and inhibited by ___ and
___. - b
AMP
ATP, G-6-P
phosphorylation promotes the conversion of phosphorylase __ to __. initiated by ____ - b, a
hormones
phosphorylase kinase is activated by ____ and ____ - phosphorylation
calcium
Hers disease is due to _____ deficiency. It is an enlargement of the liver because _____ -
phosphorylase
glycogen cannot be degraded
100% ACCURATE ANSWERS
glucogenic pathway converts _____ to _____ - pyruvate, glucose
what precursors are converted to pyruvate? - lactate, amino acids, glycerol
true of false: gluconeogenesis is the reversal of glycolysis - false
the conversion of pyruvate into phosphoenolpyruvate begins with the formation of _____. This uses
____ and is catalysed by _____, requires coenzyme _____. Occurs in the ____. - oxaloacetate
1 ATP
pyruvate carboxylase
biotin
mitochondria
Oxaloacetate is shuttled into the _____ and converted to _____. First, oxaloacetate reduced to _____
by _____, which provides ____ for subsequent steps. Next, oxaloacetates is decarboxylated and
phosphorylated by ____ to generate _____. Driven by ____. - cytoplasm, phosphoenolpyruvate
malate, malate dehydrogenase, NADH
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxin’s, phosphoenolpyruvate
decarboxylation
The next irreversible step in gluconeogenesis is the conversion of F-1,6-BP to _____ - F-6-P
F-6-P is converted to ____ which is converted to ____. Glucose is formed in the _____ - G-6-P,
glycogen
liver
gluconeogenesis is powered to hydrolysis of ____ - ATP
when glucose is abundant, _____ will predominate. When glucose is scarce, _____ will take over -
glycolysis
,gluconeogenesis
key regulation site of gluconeogenesis - F-1,6-BP --> F-6-P
High AMP stimulates _____ and inhibits ____. _____ turned on - phosphofructokinase
fructose-1,6-biphosphatase
glycolysis
high ATP and citrate _____ phosphofructokinase and _____ fructose-1,6-biphosphatase.
Gluconeogensis turned ___ - inhibit
activate
on
pyruvate kinase inhibited by ____ and _____
pyruvate carboxylase inhibited by ___, stimulated by _____ - ATP, alanine
ADP, acetyl CoA
the balance between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver is sensitive to _____ - blood-glucose
concentration
in type 2 diabetes, insulin fails to inhibit _____ - gluconeogenesis
in the first step of glycogen breakdown, _____ cleaves glycogen to release ____ - phosphorylase, G-
1-P
breakdown of glycogen also requires a _____ enzyme - debranching
______ converts G-1-P to _____ - phosphoglucomutase
G-6-P
the liver contains _____, an enzyme that cleaves the phosphate group from G-6-P and allows it to
leave the liver - glucose-6-phosphatase
, phosphorylase is regulated by several allosteric effectors that signal the ____ of the cell, as well as by
reversible phosphorylation, which is responsive to ____ such as ____, ____, ____ - energy state
hormones
insulin, epinephrine
glucagon
the liver maintains glucose homeostasis for _____, whereas the muscle uses glucose to produce
energy for _____ - the whole organism
itself
active of form of liver phosphorylase
inactive form of liver phosphorylase - a
b
the default state of liver phosphorylase is ___ - a
the default state of muscle phosphorylase is ___. It is activated by high ___, and inhibited by ___ and
___. - b
AMP
ATP, G-6-P
phosphorylation promotes the conversion of phosphorylase __ to __. initiated by ____ - b, a
hormones
phosphorylase kinase is activated by ____ and ____ - phosphorylation
calcium
Hers disease is due to _____ deficiency. It is an enlargement of the liver because _____ -
phosphorylase
glycogen cannot be degraded
