Unit 2 Anatomy 337 Exam |310 Complete
Questions and Answers
Primary curves - -thoracic and sacrococcygeal retained from original fetal
curvature
- Secondary curves - -cervical and lumbar develop after birth ; concave
posteriorly opposite to fetal position
- Kyphosis: - -excessive posterior curvature of thoracic region
- Lyphosis - -excessive anterior curvature of lumbar region
- Scoliosis - -abnormal lateral curvature with twisting of vertebral column
- Body of vertebrae - -supports body weight; increases in thickness and size
further down
- Annulus fibrous - -tough, fibrous outer layer anchored to outer margin of
vertebral discs
- Nucleus pulposus - -soft, gel like with high water content to resist
compression for weigh bearing
- herniated disc - -compression of disc's anterior portion and expansion of
posterior disc which projects outward
- anterior longitudinal ligament - -resists hyperextension; large
- supraspinous ligament - -posterior side; supports forward bending motions
to prevent hyperextension
- interspinous ligament - -between spines to prevent hyperflexion
- posterior longitudinal ligament - -anterior to spinal cord attached to
posterior sides; provides support for bending forward to prevent hyperflexion
- ligamentum flavum - -paired ligaments interconnecting lamina with elastic
fibers; prevents hyperflexion during bending forward
- inguinal ligament - -holds vessels in place during hip flexion, runs anterior-
superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle
, - inguinal canal - -creates weakness in abdomnial wall- oblique passageway
parallel to inguinal ligament
- deep inguinal ring - -canal entrance
- superficial inguinal ring - -canal exit; gap in external oblique aponeurosis
- C1 atlas - -no body or spinous process; modified superior articular
processes; ability to nod yes
- C2 axis - -distinguished by dens to join inner aspect of anterior arch of
atlas; held in place by transverse ligament; ability to shake no
- costal demifacets - -lateral side of vertebral body; attaches with rib
- sacral foramina - -posterior (dorsal) allowing dorsal rami of sacral spinal
nerves to exit
anterior (ventral) allowing ventral rami of sacral spinal nerves to exit
- xiphoid process - -cartilaginous structure that ossifies at age 40
- true ribs - -1-7 directly connect costal cartilage to sternum
- false ribs - -8-10 costal cartilage attached to cartilage of next higher rib;
indirect sternal articulation
- floating ribs - -11-12 do not articulate with sternum
- iliocostalis - -laterally placed; cervical thoracic and lumbar region
- longissimus - -intermediately placed; cervical and thoracic region
- spinalis - -medially placed; attaches to spinous processes in cervical and
thoracic region
- function of erector spinae - -bilateral extension of vertebral column; flexes
vertebral column, compresses abdominal wall
- Intercostal nerves - -travel in intercostal spaces, named for rib superior to
them
- T1 - -part of brachial plexus
- T3-T6 - -innervate intercostal muscles and are sensory receptors for
anterior chest wall
, - T7-T12 - -innervate intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles, and overlying
skin
- thoracic vertebrae - -long spinous processes; costal demifacets
- lumbar vertebrae - -large and thick vertebral body and short spinous
process
- sacrum - -5 fused vertebrae with many foramina
- Vertebral column - -24 individual vertebrae
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 fused sacral
3-5 fused coccygeal
- thoracic cage composition - -bony frame:
thoracic vertebrae--posterior
ribs-laterally
sternum and costal cartilage-anterior
protects: heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, and other thoracic organs
- manubrium - -suprasternal notch-most superior
clavicular notches articulate with clavicle
- body of sternum - -articulates with ribs 2-7
- what is costal cartilage made of? - -hyaline cartilage
- external oblique and movement - -superficial lateral muscle
unilateral: contralateral rotation and lateral flexion
bilateral: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall; held by
inguinal ligament
- internal oblique and movement - -middle lateral muscle
unilateral: ipsilateral rotation and lateral flexion
bilateral: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall
- transversus abdominus movement - -compresses abdominal wall
- rectus abdominus movement - -flexes vertebral column and compresses
abdominal wall
- function of respiratory system - -1. ventilation
2. gas conditioning
Questions and Answers
Primary curves - -thoracic and sacrococcygeal retained from original fetal
curvature
- Secondary curves - -cervical and lumbar develop after birth ; concave
posteriorly opposite to fetal position
- Kyphosis: - -excessive posterior curvature of thoracic region
- Lyphosis - -excessive anterior curvature of lumbar region
- Scoliosis - -abnormal lateral curvature with twisting of vertebral column
- Body of vertebrae - -supports body weight; increases in thickness and size
further down
- Annulus fibrous - -tough, fibrous outer layer anchored to outer margin of
vertebral discs
- Nucleus pulposus - -soft, gel like with high water content to resist
compression for weigh bearing
- herniated disc - -compression of disc's anterior portion and expansion of
posterior disc which projects outward
- anterior longitudinal ligament - -resists hyperextension; large
- supraspinous ligament - -posterior side; supports forward bending motions
to prevent hyperextension
- interspinous ligament - -between spines to prevent hyperflexion
- posterior longitudinal ligament - -anterior to spinal cord attached to
posterior sides; provides support for bending forward to prevent hyperflexion
- ligamentum flavum - -paired ligaments interconnecting lamina with elastic
fibers; prevents hyperflexion during bending forward
- inguinal ligament - -holds vessels in place during hip flexion, runs anterior-
superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle
, - inguinal canal - -creates weakness in abdomnial wall- oblique passageway
parallel to inguinal ligament
- deep inguinal ring - -canal entrance
- superficial inguinal ring - -canal exit; gap in external oblique aponeurosis
- C1 atlas - -no body or spinous process; modified superior articular
processes; ability to nod yes
- C2 axis - -distinguished by dens to join inner aspect of anterior arch of
atlas; held in place by transverse ligament; ability to shake no
- costal demifacets - -lateral side of vertebral body; attaches with rib
- sacral foramina - -posterior (dorsal) allowing dorsal rami of sacral spinal
nerves to exit
anterior (ventral) allowing ventral rami of sacral spinal nerves to exit
- xiphoid process - -cartilaginous structure that ossifies at age 40
- true ribs - -1-7 directly connect costal cartilage to sternum
- false ribs - -8-10 costal cartilage attached to cartilage of next higher rib;
indirect sternal articulation
- floating ribs - -11-12 do not articulate with sternum
- iliocostalis - -laterally placed; cervical thoracic and lumbar region
- longissimus - -intermediately placed; cervical and thoracic region
- spinalis - -medially placed; attaches to spinous processes in cervical and
thoracic region
- function of erector spinae - -bilateral extension of vertebral column; flexes
vertebral column, compresses abdominal wall
- Intercostal nerves - -travel in intercostal spaces, named for rib superior to
them
- T1 - -part of brachial plexus
- T3-T6 - -innervate intercostal muscles and are sensory receptors for
anterior chest wall
, - T7-T12 - -innervate intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles, and overlying
skin
- thoracic vertebrae - -long spinous processes; costal demifacets
- lumbar vertebrae - -large and thick vertebral body and short spinous
process
- sacrum - -5 fused vertebrae with many foramina
- Vertebral column - -24 individual vertebrae
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 fused sacral
3-5 fused coccygeal
- thoracic cage composition - -bony frame:
thoracic vertebrae--posterior
ribs-laterally
sternum and costal cartilage-anterior
protects: heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, and other thoracic organs
- manubrium - -suprasternal notch-most superior
clavicular notches articulate with clavicle
- body of sternum - -articulates with ribs 2-7
- what is costal cartilage made of? - -hyaline cartilage
- external oblique and movement - -superficial lateral muscle
unilateral: contralateral rotation and lateral flexion
bilateral: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall; held by
inguinal ligament
- internal oblique and movement - -middle lateral muscle
unilateral: ipsilateral rotation and lateral flexion
bilateral: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall
- transversus abdominus movement - -compresses abdominal wall
- rectus abdominus movement - -flexes vertebral column and compresses
abdominal wall
- function of respiratory system - -1. ventilation
2. gas conditioning
