Exam #3 Anatomy 337 UW Madison|
241 Questions with Verified Answers
Divisions of the Brain - -telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon,
metencephalon, myelencephalon
- Telencephalon - -cerebrum
- Diencephalon - -everything "thalamus"; hypothalamus, thalamus,
epithalamus
- Mecencephalon - -midbrain
- Metencephalon - -pons and cerebellum
- Myelencephalon - -medulla oblongata; connection between spinal cord
and end of the brain
- Grey Matter - -cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons; most of it is
superficial
cortex: covers the surface of the brain
forms discrete internal clusters called cerebral nuclei
- white matter - -myelinated axons
- cerebral hemispheres - -anatomically mirror images, but differ functionally
only connected by a few white matter pathways: corpus callosum , anterior
and posterior commissure
- median longitudinal fissure - -separates cerebral hemispheres
- corpus callosum - -connection between the right and left hemispheres
- Brodmann's areas - -different areas of the brain are given numbers; these
areas are based on the regional cytoarchetechtonics of the cerebral cortex
1-52; differ in each person
- functional areas of cerebral cortex - -*Cerebral cortex is where cognition
occurs, process information to create a response
,- Mental processes such as awareness, knowledge, memory, perception,
problem solving, decision making, information processing, and thinking
*Motor areas:*
- Control voluntary motor functions
*Sensory areas:*
- Provide conscious awareness of sensation
*Multimodal association areas:*
- Receive and integrate input from multiple regions of the cerebral cortex
- frontal lobe - -anterior part of cerebral hemisphere, central sulcus
posteriorly, lateral sulcus inferiorly
prefrontal cortex: anterior portion of the frontal cortex
- corpus callosum and TBI - -usually damaged in TBI
even in mild concussion, brain moves in the skull which puts a lot of tension
on fiber, added rotation, most anterior and posterior parts affected
- cytoarchitecture - -The arrangement of neuronal cell bodies in various
parts of the brain; 6 layers of cerebral cortex, changes based on function
- dorsolateral prefrontal cortex - -executive functions: organization,
planning, managing behavior, high-level decision making, multitasking,
working memory, , helps with switching tasks
- orbitofrontal cortex - -modulating emotions, inhibition, adaptive learning,
rewards, and emotion, ties emotion towards reward based learning,
understanding outcomes and errors
- anterior cingulate cortex - -Motivational behavior
Reward-based learning: error detection, outcome monitoring
Pain processing (can lesion in brain)
- Phineas Gage - -railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury to
frontal cortex that dramatically changed his personality and behavior; case
played a role in the development of the understanding of the localization of
brain function
- primary motor cortex - -voluntary motor activity, in the pre central gyrus
(BA 4)
homunculus- entire map of the body on primary motor cortex
, lower extremity- more medial, deeper in brain, face is majority of lateral
aspect
- pre-central gyrus - -BA 4, beginning of the corticospinal tract, innervation
can be diagramed as motor homunculus on the pre central gyrus
- premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex: - -process motor
information, plans and coordinated learned, skills motor activities, planning
area for type of movement
- where does the left motor cortex innervate - -the right hand
- broca's area - -controls muscle actions needed for speech, inferolateral
portion of the frontal lobe in the hemisphere
motor planning for language (speech, writing, sign language), only in left
hemisphere
- Broca's aphasia - -condition resulting from damage to Broca's area (TBI or
stroke), patients can understand spoken language but has difficulty
communicating verbally
very aware they have this disorder, patients may be able to sing
- parietal lobe - -superoposteriar part of each hemisphere, central sulcus
anteriorly, lateral sulcus inferiorly, parieto-occipital sulcus posteriorly
involved with general sensory function: tactile sensation, proprioception,
taste, language, spatial orientation, and directing attention
- where are the somatosensory cortices - -parietal lobe
- primary somatosensory cortex - -receives general somatic sensory
information from touch, pressure, pain, and temperature receptors; located
within the postcentral gyrus BA 3,2,1
sensory homunculus
- somatosensory association cortex - -integrates and interprets sensory
information
- temporal lobe - -inferior to the lateral sulcus, superior, middle and inferior
gyrus, involved in hearing and smell, medial temporal lobe structures are
associated with the limbic system- memory, learning, aggression, and
emotion
241 Questions with Verified Answers
Divisions of the Brain - -telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon,
metencephalon, myelencephalon
- Telencephalon - -cerebrum
- Diencephalon - -everything "thalamus"; hypothalamus, thalamus,
epithalamus
- Mecencephalon - -midbrain
- Metencephalon - -pons and cerebellum
- Myelencephalon - -medulla oblongata; connection between spinal cord
and end of the brain
- Grey Matter - -cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons; most of it is
superficial
cortex: covers the surface of the brain
forms discrete internal clusters called cerebral nuclei
- white matter - -myelinated axons
- cerebral hemispheres - -anatomically mirror images, but differ functionally
only connected by a few white matter pathways: corpus callosum , anterior
and posterior commissure
- median longitudinal fissure - -separates cerebral hemispheres
- corpus callosum - -connection between the right and left hemispheres
- Brodmann's areas - -different areas of the brain are given numbers; these
areas are based on the regional cytoarchetechtonics of the cerebral cortex
1-52; differ in each person
- functional areas of cerebral cortex - -*Cerebral cortex is where cognition
occurs, process information to create a response
,- Mental processes such as awareness, knowledge, memory, perception,
problem solving, decision making, information processing, and thinking
*Motor areas:*
- Control voluntary motor functions
*Sensory areas:*
- Provide conscious awareness of sensation
*Multimodal association areas:*
- Receive and integrate input from multiple regions of the cerebral cortex
- frontal lobe - -anterior part of cerebral hemisphere, central sulcus
posteriorly, lateral sulcus inferiorly
prefrontal cortex: anterior portion of the frontal cortex
- corpus callosum and TBI - -usually damaged in TBI
even in mild concussion, brain moves in the skull which puts a lot of tension
on fiber, added rotation, most anterior and posterior parts affected
- cytoarchitecture - -The arrangement of neuronal cell bodies in various
parts of the brain; 6 layers of cerebral cortex, changes based on function
- dorsolateral prefrontal cortex - -executive functions: organization,
planning, managing behavior, high-level decision making, multitasking,
working memory, , helps with switching tasks
- orbitofrontal cortex - -modulating emotions, inhibition, adaptive learning,
rewards, and emotion, ties emotion towards reward based learning,
understanding outcomes and errors
- anterior cingulate cortex - -Motivational behavior
Reward-based learning: error detection, outcome monitoring
Pain processing (can lesion in brain)
- Phineas Gage - -railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury to
frontal cortex that dramatically changed his personality and behavior; case
played a role in the development of the understanding of the localization of
brain function
- primary motor cortex - -voluntary motor activity, in the pre central gyrus
(BA 4)
homunculus- entire map of the body on primary motor cortex
, lower extremity- more medial, deeper in brain, face is majority of lateral
aspect
- pre-central gyrus - -BA 4, beginning of the corticospinal tract, innervation
can be diagramed as motor homunculus on the pre central gyrus
- premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex: - -process motor
information, plans and coordinated learned, skills motor activities, planning
area for type of movement
- where does the left motor cortex innervate - -the right hand
- broca's area - -controls muscle actions needed for speech, inferolateral
portion of the frontal lobe in the hemisphere
motor planning for language (speech, writing, sign language), only in left
hemisphere
- Broca's aphasia - -condition resulting from damage to Broca's area (TBI or
stroke), patients can understand spoken language but has difficulty
communicating verbally
very aware they have this disorder, patients may be able to sing
- parietal lobe - -superoposteriar part of each hemisphere, central sulcus
anteriorly, lateral sulcus inferiorly, parieto-occipital sulcus posteriorly
involved with general sensory function: tactile sensation, proprioception,
taste, language, spatial orientation, and directing attention
- where are the somatosensory cortices - -parietal lobe
- primary somatosensory cortex - -receives general somatic sensory
information from touch, pressure, pain, and temperature receptors; located
within the postcentral gyrus BA 3,2,1
sensory homunculus
- somatosensory association cortex - -integrates and interprets sensory
information
- temporal lobe - -inferior to the lateral sulcus, superior, middle and inferior
gyrus, involved in hearing and smell, medial temporal lobe structures are
associated with the limbic system- memory, learning, aggression, and
emotion
