Ch.6: Health and Wellness:
-Health Beliefs: are a person ideas, convictions and attitude about health and illness. They are based on
facts or misinformation such as: common sense, myths, good or bad experiences, reality or false
expectations. Health beliefs influence health behaviors and they can have positive or negative affect on
a patient’s level of health.
-Health Belief Model: is the relationship between a person’s beliefs and behaviors.
Health Belief Model continued:
-First part of this model involves an individual’s perception of susceptibility to an illness. EX: Patient
family history that consist of one parent and two siblings who have died from a myocardial infarction,
but recognizes the link/susceptibility of having coronary artery disease.
-Second component individual’s perception of the seriousness of the illness. (This perception is
influenced by demographic and sociopsychological variables, perceived threats of the illness and
information from mass media campaigns and advice, from family, friends, and medical professionals).
EX: patient may not perceive his heart disease to be serious, which may affect the way he takes care of
himself.
-Third component, person will take preventive action. This results from a person’s perception of the
benefits and barrier to taking action. Preventive actions include lifestyle changes, increased adherence to
medical therapies or a search for medical advice or treatment.
**Patients perception of susceptibility to disease or seriousness of an illness help to determine the
likelihood that the patient will adopt healthy behaviors. This model helps you to understand factors
influencing patient’s perceptions, beliefs and behaviors to plan care so that you can be more effective to
help patients maintain or erector health and prevent illness.
,-Health Promotion Model: defines health as a positive, dynamic state, not merely the absence of
disease. Health promotion increases a patient’s level of well-being.
Model focuses on three areas:
1)Individual characteristics and experiences
2)Behavior-specific knowledge and affect
3)Behavioral outcomes in which the patient commits to or changes a behavior.
-Maslow’s hierarchy of Needs: is used to understand the interrelationships of basic human needs. Basic
human needs are: food, water, safety and love. The extent to which people meet their basic needs is a
major factor in determining their level of health.
Applying the model, the focus of care is on a patient needs rather than on strict adherence to the
hierarchy (meaning the levels do not go in order, it’s based on what the patient needs at the moment)
*Recording: Patient comes into Er is anxious and didn’t take her medication, she thinks someone
injected something into it. She’s also verbally abuse and thrashing around in the bed, oxygen saturation
is 80% it should be 100%, bruising around her neck. Answ: finding out why her oxygen level is low, give
oxygen, ABC, then Maslow hierarchy
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
-Holistic Health Model: promotes patient optimal level of health by considering the dynamic interactions
among the emotional, spiritual. Social, cultural and physical aspects of an individual’s wellness. Your
creating conditions to promote optimal health for the patient.
*** This model you put the patient at the center of their care and empower patients to engage in their
own recovery and they assume responsibility of their health.
Interventions includes meditation, music therapy, reminiscence, relation therapy, therapeutic touch and
guided imagery.
,-Variables Influencing health and health beliefs: Internal and External Variables
Internal variables: are a person’s developmental stage, intellectual background, perception of
functioning and emotional and spiritual factors.
Breakdown:
1)Developmental: person perception of health, illness and health behaviors change over time. Consider
patient’s growth and developmental stage.
2) Intellectual background: person’s beliefs about health are shaped by knowledge or misinformation
about body functions, illnesses, education background, traditions and past experiences.
3)Perception of function: Patient understanding of physical function. With subjective assessment look
for level of fatigue, shortness of breath or pain. Objective assessment: BP, height and lung sounds.
4)Emotional Factors: Patients degree of stress, depression or fear influences health beliefs and practices.
(how do people handle stress, thru out life or with illness).
5)Spiritual Factors: how a person lives their life, including values and beliefs that they exercised, the
relationships established with family and friends and the ability to find hope and meaning in life.
(Persons moral compass)
External Variables: includes a person health beliefs, family practices, psychosocial and socioeconomic
factors and cultural background.
Breakdown:
1)Family Role and practices: roles and organization of a family influence how each family member
defines health and illness and values health practices. (how does your family affect your health habits)
2)Social Determinants of Health: Health is determined by a person’s circumstances and environment.
External factor such as where a person lives, quality of the environment, income, educational level and
relationship with other have impact on patient health.
(SDOH) Social determinants of health include a variety of social, commercial, cultural,
economic, environmental and politician factors that affect health inequalities. (this refers to the
conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age).
Five categories of SDOH: 1) economic stability
2)education
3)health and health care
4) social and community context
5)neighborhood and built environment
Internal variables External variables
Developmental stage Family role and practices
Intellectual background Social determinants of health
Perception of functioning
Emotional factors
Spiritual factors
EX of SDOH: Poverty, food insecurity, access to primary health care, culture, exposure to violence and
access to Green spaces.
, Cultural Aspects of Care/Health beliefs:
Culture, social and community context influences a patient’s belief values and customs. Cultural
background influences an individual’s belief bout causes of illness and remedies or practices to restore
health.
-Health Promotion, Wellness and Illness Prevention: Public health focuses on health promotion,
wellness and illness prevention. Health education, legislation and policy help individuals, groups and
communities improve their health, decrease the incidence of disease and disability and improve their
quality of life.
Health Promotion: helps individuals maintain or enhance their present health. It motivates
people to engage in healthy activities such as routine exercise and good nutrition to reach more
stable levels of health.
-Health Beliefs: are a person ideas, convictions and attitude about health and illness. They are based on
facts or misinformation such as: common sense, myths, good or bad experiences, reality or false
expectations. Health beliefs influence health behaviors and they can have positive or negative affect on
a patient’s level of health.
-Health Belief Model: is the relationship between a person’s beliefs and behaviors.
Health Belief Model continued:
-First part of this model involves an individual’s perception of susceptibility to an illness. EX: Patient
family history that consist of one parent and two siblings who have died from a myocardial infarction,
but recognizes the link/susceptibility of having coronary artery disease.
-Second component individual’s perception of the seriousness of the illness. (This perception is
influenced by demographic and sociopsychological variables, perceived threats of the illness and
information from mass media campaigns and advice, from family, friends, and medical professionals).
EX: patient may not perceive his heart disease to be serious, which may affect the way he takes care of
himself.
-Third component, person will take preventive action. This results from a person’s perception of the
benefits and barrier to taking action. Preventive actions include lifestyle changes, increased adherence to
medical therapies or a search for medical advice or treatment.
**Patients perception of susceptibility to disease or seriousness of an illness help to determine the
likelihood that the patient will adopt healthy behaviors. This model helps you to understand factors
influencing patient’s perceptions, beliefs and behaviors to plan care so that you can be more effective to
help patients maintain or erector health and prevent illness.
,-Health Promotion Model: defines health as a positive, dynamic state, not merely the absence of
disease. Health promotion increases a patient’s level of well-being.
Model focuses on three areas:
1)Individual characteristics and experiences
2)Behavior-specific knowledge and affect
3)Behavioral outcomes in which the patient commits to or changes a behavior.
-Maslow’s hierarchy of Needs: is used to understand the interrelationships of basic human needs. Basic
human needs are: food, water, safety and love. The extent to which people meet their basic needs is a
major factor in determining their level of health.
Applying the model, the focus of care is on a patient needs rather than on strict adherence to the
hierarchy (meaning the levels do not go in order, it’s based on what the patient needs at the moment)
*Recording: Patient comes into Er is anxious and didn’t take her medication, she thinks someone
injected something into it. She’s also verbally abuse and thrashing around in the bed, oxygen saturation
is 80% it should be 100%, bruising around her neck. Answ: finding out why her oxygen level is low, give
oxygen, ABC, then Maslow hierarchy
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
-Holistic Health Model: promotes patient optimal level of health by considering the dynamic interactions
among the emotional, spiritual. Social, cultural and physical aspects of an individual’s wellness. Your
creating conditions to promote optimal health for the patient.
*** This model you put the patient at the center of their care and empower patients to engage in their
own recovery and they assume responsibility of their health.
Interventions includes meditation, music therapy, reminiscence, relation therapy, therapeutic touch and
guided imagery.
,-Variables Influencing health and health beliefs: Internal and External Variables
Internal variables: are a person’s developmental stage, intellectual background, perception of
functioning and emotional and spiritual factors.
Breakdown:
1)Developmental: person perception of health, illness and health behaviors change over time. Consider
patient’s growth and developmental stage.
2) Intellectual background: person’s beliefs about health are shaped by knowledge or misinformation
about body functions, illnesses, education background, traditions and past experiences.
3)Perception of function: Patient understanding of physical function. With subjective assessment look
for level of fatigue, shortness of breath or pain. Objective assessment: BP, height and lung sounds.
4)Emotional Factors: Patients degree of stress, depression or fear influences health beliefs and practices.
(how do people handle stress, thru out life or with illness).
5)Spiritual Factors: how a person lives their life, including values and beliefs that they exercised, the
relationships established with family and friends and the ability to find hope and meaning in life.
(Persons moral compass)
External Variables: includes a person health beliefs, family practices, psychosocial and socioeconomic
factors and cultural background.
Breakdown:
1)Family Role and practices: roles and organization of a family influence how each family member
defines health and illness and values health practices. (how does your family affect your health habits)
2)Social Determinants of Health: Health is determined by a person’s circumstances and environment.
External factor such as where a person lives, quality of the environment, income, educational level and
relationship with other have impact on patient health.
(SDOH) Social determinants of health include a variety of social, commercial, cultural,
economic, environmental and politician factors that affect health inequalities. (this refers to the
conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age).
Five categories of SDOH: 1) economic stability
2)education
3)health and health care
4) social and community context
5)neighborhood and built environment
Internal variables External variables
Developmental stage Family role and practices
Intellectual background Social determinants of health
Perception of functioning
Emotional factors
Spiritual factors
EX of SDOH: Poverty, food insecurity, access to primary health care, culture, exposure to violence and
access to Green spaces.
, Cultural Aspects of Care/Health beliefs:
Culture, social and community context influences a patient’s belief values and customs. Cultural
background influences an individual’s belief bout causes of illness and remedies or practices to restore
health.
-Health Promotion, Wellness and Illness Prevention: Public health focuses on health promotion,
wellness and illness prevention. Health education, legislation and policy help individuals, groups and
communities improve their health, decrease the incidence of disease and disability and improve their
quality of life.
Health Promotion: helps individuals maintain or enhance their present health. It motivates
people to engage in healthy activities such as routine exercise and good nutrition to reach more
stable levels of health.
