STUDY TEST PLAN EXAM 2: NSG124
PHARMACOLOGY, 2025/2026 WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
Bactericidal
Directly lethal to bacteria
Bacteriostatic
Slows bacterial growth but does not cause cell death
Relies on host's defenses to eliminate bacteria
Metronidazole (Flagyl) moa
Lethal to anaerobic organisms only
Interacts with DNA to cause strand breakage, loss of helical
structure
Metronidazole therapeutic use
Infections of CNS, abdominal organs, bones, joints, soft tissues
H. pylori, mild C. difficle
Prophylaxis in surgical procedures - colorectal, abdominal, GYN
Metronidazole nursing considerations
-PO or IV
-Take on empty stomach
-Monitor for GI effects-Avoid ETOH
Systemic mycoses opportunistic
Immunocompromised host
Candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, mucormycosis
,Systemic mycoses non-opportunistic
Sporotrichosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis
Amphotericin B therapeutic use
very potent- reserved for progressive potential fatal fungal
infections. aspergillosis, leishmaniasis, cryptococcosis,
blastomycosis, moniliasis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis and
mucormycosis
Amphotericin B nursing consideration
Must be administered IV as GI absorption is poor
monitor:
Fever, chills, nausea, headaches
Phlebitis
Nephrotoxicity
Hypokalemia
Anemia
Interferon alfa
Administration is parenteral
Effects in chronic Hepatitis C
After 12 months, ALT normalizes in 40-50% of patients
HCV levels become undetectable in 30-40%
Rapid Insulin
Onset: 5-15 min, 30-60min
Peak: 45-90 min, 2-4hrs
Give within 15 min of meal
humalog, novalog, apidra
Short acting insulin
- Regular (Humulin R, Novolin R)
- Onset 30 min-1 hr
, - peak 2-5 hr
- duration 5-8 hr
Intermediate insulin
NPH (Humulin N, Novolin N) onset: 1-2 hours peak 6-12 hours
Duration 18-24 hours
Insulin lente (Humulin L, Novolin L) onset: 1-2 hours peak 8-12
hours Duration 18-24 hours
Long acting insulin
Glargine (Lantus)
Detemir (Levemir)
Onset: 1 hour
Peak Action: no peak
Duration: 24 hours
give once daily at bedtime
acts as basal insulin
DO NOT MIX
Insulin Nursing Considerations
Teach client to rotate sites to prevent lipohypertrophy, fibrofatty
masses at injection sites; do not inject into these masses
Only regular insulin can be given IV; all can be given SQ
-Fasting blood glucose be drawn to identify treatment
effectiveness
-Urine Ketones may increase during stress
Metformin MOA
Insulin sensitizer. Inhibits hepatic glucose output and improves
glucose uptake in insulin-sensitive tissues (e.g. muscles)
metformin therapeutic use
Lowers blood sugar in type 2 diabetes
Delays development of type 2 diabetes in high-risk individuals
PHARMACOLOGY, 2025/2026 WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
Bactericidal
Directly lethal to bacteria
Bacteriostatic
Slows bacterial growth but does not cause cell death
Relies on host's defenses to eliminate bacteria
Metronidazole (Flagyl) moa
Lethal to anaerobic organisms only
Interacts with DNA to cause strand breakage, loss of helical
structure
Metronidazole therapeutic use
Infections of CNS, abdominal organs, bones, joints, soft tissues
H. pylori, mild C. difficle
Prophylaxis in surgical procedures - colorectal, abdominal, GYN
Metronidazole nursing considerations
-PO or IV
-Take on empty stomach
-Monitor for GI effects-Avoid ETOH
Systemic mycoses opportunistic
Immunocompromised host
Candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, mucormycosis
,Systemic mycoses non-opportunistic
Sporotrichosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis
Amphotericin B therapeutic use
very potent- reserved for progressive potential fatal fungal
infections. aspergillosis, leishmaniasis, cryptococcosis,
blastomycosis, moniliasis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis and
mucormycosis
Amphotericin B nursing consideration
Must be administered IV as GI absorption is poor
monitor:
Fever, chills, nausea, headaches
Phlebitis
Nephrotoxicity
Hypokalemia
Anemia
Interferon alfa
Administration is parenteral
Effects in chronic Hepatitis C
After 12 months, ALT normalizes in 40-50% of patients
HCV levels become undetectable in 30-40%
Rapid Insulin
Onset: 5-15 min, 30-60min
Peak: 45-90 min, 2-4hrs
Give within 15 min of meal
humalog, novalog, apidra
Short acting insulin
- Regular (Humulin R, Novolin R)
- Onset 30 min-1 hr
, - peak 2-5 hr
- duration 5-8 hr
Intermediate insulin
NPH (Humulin N, Novolin N) onset: 1-2 hours peak 6-12 hours
Duration 18-24 hours
Insulin lente (Humulin L, Novolin L) onset: 1-2 hours peak 8-12
hours Duration 18-24 hours
Long acting insulin
Glargine (Lantus)
Detemir (Levemir)
Onset: 1 hour
Peak Action: no peak
Duration: 24 hours
give once daily at bedtime
acts as basal insulin
DO NOT MIX
Insulin Nursing Considerations
Teach client to rotate sites to prevent lipohypertrophy, fibrofatty
masses at injection sites; do not inject into these masses
Only regular insulin can be given IV; all can be given SQ
-Fasting blood glucose be drawn to identify treatment
effectiveness
-Urine Ketones may increase during stress
Metformin MOA
Insulin sensitizer. Inhibits hepatic glucose output and improves
glucose uptake in insulin-sensitive tissues (e.g. muscles)
metformin therapeutic use
Lowers blood sugar in type 2 diabetes
Delays development of type 2 diabetes in high-risk individuals
