NUR 529 EXAM 1
Define Pathogenesis - answer explains how the disease process evolves. Sequence of
cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiologic
agent until the ultimate expression of disease.
Define Morphology - answer Refers to the fundamental structure or form of cells or
tissues. These changes are concerned with both the gross anatomic and microscopic
changes that are characteristics of a disease.
Define Histology - answerDeals with the study of cells and extracellular matrix of body
tissues. Histologic sections play an important role in the diagnosis of many types of
cancers.
Define Clinical Manifestations - answerSometimes, the condition produces
manifestations, such as fever, that make it evident that the person is sick (S&S)
Define Diagnosis - answerdesignation as to the nature or cause of a health problem.
The diagnostic process requires a careful history, physical examination, and diagnostic
test.
Define Clinical Course - answerDescribes the evolution of a disease. A disease can
have an acute, subacute, or chronic course.
Acute disorder is one that is relatively severe, but self-limiting. Chronic disease implies
continuous, long-term process. Subacute disease is an intermediate or between acute
and chronic; not as severe as an acute disease and not as prolonged as chronic
disease.
What is a disease? - answerIt is considered an acute or chronic illness that one aquires
or is born with that causes physiologic dysfunction in one or more body systems.
Each one generally has specific signs and symptoms that characterize its pathology and
identifiable etiology.
What is Cellular Hyperplasia? - answerRefers to an increase in the number of cells in an
organ or tissue. It occurs in tissues with cells that are capable of mitotic division, such
as the epidermis, intestinal epithelium, and glandular tissue.
Two common types of Hyperplasia-Physiologic: hormonal and compensatory what are
examples of hormonal - answerExamples include: breast and uterine enlargement
during pregnancy.
,Two common types of Hyperplasia-Physiologic: hormonal and compensatory what are
examples of compensatory - answerExamples: regeneration of the liver partial
hepatectomy
There is nonphysiologic-hyperplasia that are due to excessive hormonal stimulation or
the effects of growth factors on target issues. Examples are: - answerexcessive
estrogen production can cause endometrial hyperplasia and abnormal menstrual
bleeding, benign prostatic hyperplasia is related to action of androgens.
Metaplasia represents a reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or
mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type it is thought to involve reprogramming of
undifferentiated stem cells that are present in the tissue undergoing these changes. It
occurs how? and what does it allow? - answerUsually it occurs in response to chronic
irritation and inflammation and allows for substitution of cells that are able to survive
under circumstances in which a more fragile cell type might succumb
Metaplasia Examples - answeradaptive substitution of stratified squamous epithelial
cells for ciliated columnar epithelial cells in trachea and large airways of habitual
cigarette smoker.
Dysplasia is characterized by the deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in
cells that vary in size, shape, and organization. Minor degrees of dysplasia are
associated with chronic irritation or inflammation. Dysplasia strongly indicates -
answercancer. changes have been found adjacent to the foci of cancerous
transformation.
Dysplasia examples - answerseen in cancers of the respiratory tract and uterine cervix,
and seen in cases of preterm babies having been ventilated and intubated.
What is a pap smear? - answerscreening test for cervical cancer, it has been
documented that cancer of the uterine cervix develops in a series of incremental
epithelial changes ranging from severe dysplasia to invasive cancer.
What is necrosis? - answerrefers to cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a
living organism.
Liquefaction of Necrosis occurs when some of the cells die but their catalytic enzymes
are not destroyed (wet) what are some examples? - answersoftening of the center of an
abscess with discharge of its contents (Think Wet-Rotten Fruit).
Coagulation Necrosis (think gray firm mass) acidosis develops and denatures the
enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell. How does it occur? -
answerCharacteristics of hypoxic injury and is seen in infarcted areas. Infarction occurs
when an artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes occluded and no other
source of blood supply exists.
, Caseous Necrosis (Cheesy Material) form of coagulation necrosis in which the dead
cells persist indefinitely. Where is it most commonly found? - answerCenter of TB
granulomas (arthur morgan)
Ischemia is characterized by impaired oxygen delivery and impaired removal of
metabolic end products such as lactic acid. In contrast to pure, hypoxia (which depends
on the oxygen content of the blood and affects all cells in the body) ischemia affects
what? - answerblood flow through limited numbers of blood vessels and produces local
tissue injury.
Infarction occurs when an artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes
occluded and no other source of blood supply exists. What is the rule of infarction? -
answerthe shape of the infarction is conical and corresponds to the distribution of the
artery and its branches. An artery may be occluded by an embolus, thrombus, disease
of arterial wall, or pressure from outside the vessel.
Fatty Necrosis is defined as - answerthe death of tissues d/t no blood or O2 supply.
Intracellular accumulations represents the buildup of substances that cells cannot
immediately use or eliminate. The substances may accumulate in the cytoplasm or in
the nucleus. The accumulation may be abnormal substance that the cell has produced,
and in other cases, the cell may be storing enough exogenous materials or products of
pathologic processes occurring elsewhere in the body. What are some examples: -
answeraccumulation of beta-amyloid fragments, which progress to a skeletal muscle
disorder called myositis.
Dystrophic calcifications represent the macroscopic deposition of calcium salts in
injured tissue. Often visible to the naked eye as deposits that range from gritty, sand-
like grains to firm, hard rock material.
Define its Pathogenesis - answerinvolves the intracellular or extracellular formation of
crystalline calcium phosphate. Components of the calcium deposits are derived from the
bodies of dead or dying cells as well as from the circulation and intestonal fluid.
Where is Dystrophic commonly located - answerSeen in atheromatous lesions of
advanced atherosclerosis, areas of injury in the aorta and large blood vessels, and
damaged heart valves. ALSO found in necrotic tissue, atherosclerotic plaques when
used for long term management of venous insufficiency
Metastatic calcification occurs in normal tissues as a result of what? - answerincreased
serum calcium levels. Almost any condition that increases the serum Ca levels can lead
to calcification in inappropriate sites such as; lung, renal tubes, and blood vessels.
Major causes of Metastatic calcification? - answerhyperparathyroidism, increased
metabolism of Ca from bone, cancer w/ bone lesions, immobilization, hypercalcemia,
renal failure, paget's disease, Vit. D toxicity.
Define Pathogenesis - answer explains how the disease process evolves. Sequence of
cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiologic
agent until the ultimate expression of disease.
Define Morphology - answer Refers to the fundamental structure or form of cells or
tissues. These changes are concerned with both the gross anatomic and microscopic
changes that are characteristics of a disease.
Define Histology - answerDeals with the study of cells and extracellular matrix of body
tissues. Histologic sections play an important role in the diagnosis of many types of
cancers.
Define Clinical Manifestations - answerSometimes, the condition produces
manifestations, such as fever, that make it evident that the person is sick (S&S)
Define Diagnosis - answerdesignation as to the nature or cause of a health problem.
The diagnostic process requires a careful history, physical examination, and diagnostic
test.
Define Clinical Course - answerDescribes the evolution of a disease. A disease can
have an acute, subacute, or chronic course.
Acute disorder is one that is relatively severe, but self-limiting. Chronic disease implies
continuous, long-term process. Subacute disease is an intermediate or between acute
and chronic; not as severe as an acute disease and not as prolonged as chronic
disease.
What is a disease? - answerIt is considered an acute or chronic illness that one aquires
or is born with that causes physiologic dysfunction in one or more body systems.
Each one generally has specific signs and symptoms that characterize its pathology and
identifiable etiology.
What is Cellular Hyperplasia? - answerRefers to an increase in the number of cells in an
organ or tissue. It occurs in tissues with cells that are capable of mitotic division, such
as the epidermis, intestinal epithelium, and glandular tissue.
Two common types of Hyperplasia-Physiologic: hormonal and compensatory what are
examples of hormonal - answerExamples include: breast and uterine enlargement
during pregnancy.
,Two common types of Hyperplasia-Physiologic: hormonal and compensatory what are
examples of compensatory - answerExamples: regeneration of the liver partial
hepatectomy
There is nonphysiologic-hyperplasia that are due to excessive hormonal stimulation or
the effects of growth factors on target issues. Examples are: - answerexcessive
estrogen production can cause endometrial hyperplasia and abnormal menstrual
bleeding, benign prostatic hyperplasia is related to action of androgens.
Metaplasia represents a reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or
mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type it is thought to involve reprogramming of
undifferentiated stem cells that are present in the tissue undergoing these changes. It
occurs how? and what does it allow? - answerUsually it occurs in response to chronic
irritation and inflammation and allows for substitution of cells that are able to survive
under circumstances in which a more fragile cell type might succumb
Metaplasia Examples - answeradaptive substitution of stratified squamous epithelial
cells for ciliated columnar epithelial cells in trachea and large airways of habitual
cigarette smoker.
Dysplasia is characterized by the deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in
cells that vary in size, shape, and organization. Minor degrees of dysplasia are
associated with chronic irritation or inflammation. Dysplasia strongly indicates -
answercancer. changes have been found adjacent to the foci of cancerous
transformation.
Dysplasia examples - answerseen in cancers of the respiratory tract and uterine cervix,
and seen in cases of preterm babies having been ventilated and intubated.
What is a pap smear? - answerscreening test for cervical cancer, it has been
documented that cancer of the uterine cervix develops in a series of incremental
epithelial changes ranging from severe dysplasia to invasive cancer.
What is necrosis? - answerrefers to cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a
living organism.
Liquefaction of Necrosis occurs when some of the cells die but their catalytic enzymes
are not destroyed (wet) what are some examples? - answersoftening of the center of an
abscess with discharge of its contents (Think Wet-Rotten Fruit).
Coagulation Necrosis (think gray firm mass) acidosis develops and denatures the
enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell. How does it occur? -
answerCharacteristics of hypoxic injury and is seen in infarcted areas. Infarction occurs
when an artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes occluded and no other
source of blood supply exists.
, Caseous Necrosis (Cheesy Material) form of coagulation necrosis in which the dead
cells persist indefinitely. Where is it most commonly found? - answerCenter of TB
granulomas (arthur morgan)
Ischemia is characterized by impaired oxygen delivery and impaired removal of
metabolic end products such as lactic acid. In contrast to pure, hypoxia (which depends
on the oxygen content of the blood and affects all cells in the body) ischemia affects
what? - answerblood flow through limited numbers of blood vessels and produces local
tissue injury.
Infarction occurs when an artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes
occluded and no other source of blood supply exists. What is the rule of infarction? -
answerthe shape of the infarction is conical and corresponds to the distribution of the
artery and its branches. An artery may be occluded by an embolus, thrombus, disease
of arterial wall, or pressure from outside the vessel.
Fatty Necrosis is defined as - answerthe death of tissues d/t no blood or O2 supply.
Intracellular accumulations represents the buildup of substances that cells cannot
immediately use or eliminate. The substances may accumulate in the cytoplasm or in
the nucleus. The accumulation may be abnormal substance that the cell has produced,
and in other cases, the cell may be storing enough exogenous materials or products of
pathologic processes occurring elsewhere in the body. What are some examples: -
answeraccumulation of beta-amyloid fragments, which progress to a skeletal muscle
disorder called myositis.
Dystrophic calcifications represent the macroscopic deposition of calcium salts in
injured tissue. Often visible to the naked eye as deposits that range from gritty, sand-
like grains to firm, hard rock material.
Define its Pathogenesis - answerinvolves the intracellular or extracellular formation of
crystalline calcium phosphate. Components of the calcium deposits are derived from the
bodies of dead or dying cells as well as from the circulation and intestonal fluid.
Where is Dystrophic commonly located - answerSeen in atheromatous lesions of
advanced atherosclerosis, areas of injury in the aorta and large blood vessels, and
damaged heart valves. ALSO found in necrotic tissue, atherosclerotic plaques when
used for long term management of venous insufficiency
Metastatic calcification occurs in normal tissues as a result of what? - answerincreased
serum calcium levels. Almost any condition that increases the serum Ca levels can lead
to calcification in inappropriate sites such as; lung, renal tubes, and blood vessels.
Major causes of Metastatic calcification? - answerhyperparathyroidism, increased
metabolism of Ca from bone, cancer w/ bone lesions, immobilization, hypercalcemia,
renal failure, paget's disease, Vit. D toxicity.
