Confounds - Correct Answers Any difference between the experimental and control groups other than
the independent variable. Alternative explanations
Confederate - Correct Answers an actor playing a specific role for the experimenter in a study.
Participants believe them to be participants like themselves.
Biases of Intuition - Correct Answers 2 Types:
1) Thinking the easy way - Some ideas are simply easier to believe than others. Easier to believe a good
study than a complicated one.
2) Thinking what we want- ^^^ makes it so we draw the wrong conclusions. We do not want to
challenge preconceived ideas, think what we want to think.
Cherry Picking the Evidence - Correct Answers Seeking and accepting only the evidence that supports
what we already think and what we want to think
Pop-up principle/ availability heuristic - Correct Answers The idea that things that easily come to mind
tend to guide our thinking. When memories are vivid or recent, they seem correct and therefore bias
our thinking
Over-confidence bias - Correct Answers Once we decide what we think, we tend to be overconfident in
our ideas- we want to think we are right. Just because we are confident does not mean we are right. Ex:
Eye witnesses
Confirmatory hypothesis testing/ asking leading or biased questions - Correct Answers Another way to
enable ourselves to think what we want is by asking questions that are likely to give desired or expected
answers. Selected questions that would lead them to expected answers
Controlled studies vs. observational studies - Correct Answers Controlled= experiment. 2 groups control
and experimental group. Dependent and independent variables. Observational studies = observe
behavior. no manipulation
, Comparison/control groups ( Why they are important etc) - Correct Answers control groups are
important to test whether independent variable is having an affect or not. has to be EXACTLY the same
conditions with that of the experimental group in order to test the independent variable.
Conceptual Definition - Correct Answers conceptual definition of variables: abstract concepts such as "
Depression" or "Debt stress"
Independent variable - Correct Answers The manipulated or changed variable in an experiment
Dependent variable - Correct Answers the measured variable in an experiment.
Anecdotal claims - Correct Answers May report a problem, or a persons solution to a problem or just an
interesting story, but they do not say anything about the frequency or rate. Not backed up with data.
Based on experience
3 types of claims: Frequency, association and causal - Correct Answers Frequency Claim: Describe a
particular rate or level of something. How frequent or common something is.
Association Claim: Argues that one level of a variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of
another variable. If one variable changes, then the other is likely to change too. Related. ( assosiated,
predicted, tied to)
Causal Claim: One variable is responsible for changing the other. ( cause, enhance, curb)
4 types of associations ( Neg, Pos, Zero or curvilinear) - Correct Answers Positive association: High goes
with high and low goes with low.
Negative association: High goes with low and low goes with high
Zero Correlation: no association between variables
Curvilinear Correlation: one level of one variable changes its pattern as the other variable increases. Ex:
Age and frequency of health care visits.
Construct validity - Correct Answers Are you measuring what you said you would?
Do the measures of the variables measure what they are supposed to?
How well a study's variables are manipulated or measured.
the independent variable. Alternative explanations
Confederate - Correct Answers an actor playing a specific role for the experimenter in a study.
Participants believe them to be participants like themselves.
Biases of Intuition - Correct Answers 2 Types:
1) Thinking the easy way - Some ideas are simply easier to believe than others. Easier to believe a good
study than a complicated one.
2) Thinking what we want- ^^^ makes it so we draw the wrong conclusions. We do not want to
challenge preconceived ideas, think what we want to think.
Cherry Picking the Evidence - Correct Answers Seeking and accepting only the evidence that supports
what we already think and what we want to think
Pop-up principle/ availability heuristic - Correct Answers The idea that things that easily come to mind
tend to guide our thinking. When memories are vivid or recent, they seem correct and therefore bias
our thinking
Over-confidence bias - Correct Answers Once we decide what we think, we tend to be overconfident in
our ideas- we want to think we are right. Just because we are confident does not mean we are right. Ex:
Eye witnesses
Confirmatory hypothesis testing/ asking leading or biased questions - Correct Answers Another way to
enable ourselves to think what we want is by asking questions that are likely to give desired or expected
answers. Selected questions that would lead them to expected answers
Controlled studies vs. observational studies - Correct Answers Controlled= experiment. 2 groups control
and experimental group. Dependent and independent variables. Observational studies = observe
behavior. no manipulation
, Comparison/control groups ( Why they are important etc) - Correct Answers control groups are
important to test whether independent variable is having an affect or not. has to be EXACTLY the same
conditions with that of the experimental group in order to test the independent variable.
Conceptual Definition - Correct Answers conceptual definition of variables: abstract concepts such as "
Depression" or "Debt stress"
Independent variable - Correct Answers The manipulated or changed variable in an experiment
Dependent variable - Correct Answers the measured variable in an experiment.
Anecdotal claims - Correct Answers May report a problem, or a persons solution to a problem or just an
interesting story, but they do not say anything about the frequency or rate. Not backed up with data.
Based on experience
3 types of claims: Frequency, association and causal - Correct Answers Frequency Claim: Describe a
particular rate or level of something. How frequent or common something is.
Association Claim: Argues that one level of a variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of
another variable. If one variable changes, then the other is likely to change too. Related. ( assosiated,
predicted, tied to)
Causal Claim: One variable is responsible for changing the other. ( cause, enhance, curb)
4 types of associations ( Neg, Pos, Zero or curvilinear) - Correct Answers Positive association: High goes
with high and low goes with low.
Negative association: High goes with low and low goes with high
Zero Correlation: no association between variables
Curvilinear Correlation: one level of one variable changes its pattern as the other variable increases. Ex:
Age and frequency of health care visits.
Construct validity - Correct Answers Are you measuring what you said you would?
Do the measures of the variables measure what they are supposed to?
How well a study's variables are manipulated or measured.
