Questions and Answers
Grammar Translation - Skills developed are primarily reading and writing. Focus is on
translation skills; memorization used.
Direct Method (Berlitz) - Associate meaning directly with the target language. No
translation is allowed. Use of the L1 is not allowed. Student discovers rules of grammar.
Audio-lingual Method - Overcome native language habits; form new target language
habits; Use of mimicry; students "overlearn" patterns to use L2 automatically; listening
and repetition are important.
Silent Way (Caleb Gattegno) - Develop inner criteria for correctness by becoming aware of
how the target language works—not by mimicking a model. Teacher is silent, but active.
Desuggestopedia - Overcome psychological barriers to learning; use of peripheral learning.
Teach through a positive and fun environment that incorporates the arts.
Community Language Learning - Learn nondefensively as whole persons following
developmental stages, students build community with one another; L1 is used
Teacher as a counselor.
Natural Approach - Listening is emphasized; associate meaning with target language
directly—students do not produce speech until they have developed receptive language
skills.
Total Physical Response - Understanding of language is developed before speaking
(learners listen in the beginning); follow directions of the instructor without translation.
Communicative Language Teaching - Emphasis on interacting with others in the target
language; negotiating meaning and learning appropriate language forms