NURS 8022 Module 3 test
questions fully solved &
updated 2026
What maintains the osmolarity and acid-base balance of the blood
Electrolytes and proteins
Functions of blood
provide nutrients to cells, provide oxygen for cellular metabolism,
removes by-products, carries the cells that protect the body against
infection and invading organisms
3 groups of plasma proteins
albumin, clotting factors (mostly fibrinogen), lipoproteins (triglycerides,
cholesterol, fatty acids)
Albumin
function as carrier and control plasma oncotic pressure
serum
plasma without clotting factors
pluripotential cells
in the bone marrow and can differentiate into major blood cells (red,
white, platelets)
Erythrocytes
red blood cells
Leukocytes
white blood cells
Thrombocytes
platelets
Most abundant cells of the body
erythrocytes
Functions of Erythrocytes
,responsible for tissue oxygenation, contain hemoglobin and carry gases
and electrolytes, have biconcavity and reversible deformity
Life cycle of erythrocytes
120 days, spleen replaces
Normal platelet count
150,000-400,000
Platelets are formed from
the fragmentation of megakaryocytes
Platelets are produced, stored, and removed by what
produced by the bone marrow, stored and removed by the spleen
life span of platelets
5-9 days
function of platelets
essential for blood coagulation and the control of bleeding
lymphoid organs
sites of residence, proliferation, differentiation, and function of
lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes, link to the hematologic and
immune system
primary lymphoid organs
thymus and bone marrow
secondary lymphoid organs
Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and Peyer Patches of the small intestine
Hematopoiesis
process of blood cell production in adult bone marrow or in the
liver/spleen of fetus
2 stages of hematopoiesis
Mitosis (proliferation) cells divide
Maturation (differentiation) cells mature
bone marrow
primary site of residence of hematopoietic stem cells, also called myeloid
tissue
2 types of bone marrow
, red marrow (produce RBCs) and yellow marrow (do not produce RBCs)
Stem cell pool
The product of self-renewal that maintains the number of pluripotent stem
cells and partially committed progenitor cells
Bone marrow pool
-contains cells that are proliferating and maturing in preparation for
release into the circulation
-mature cells are stored for later release into the peripheral blood
3 factors that increase Hematopoiesis
(1) conversion of yellow bone marrow, which does not produce blood cells,
to hematopoietic red marrow by the actions of erythropoietin (a hormone
that stimulates erythrocyte production); (2) faster differentiation of
progenitor cells; and (3) faster proliferation of stem cells into progenitor
cells
Erythropoiesis
production of red blood cells
Erythrocytes derived from
erythroblasts
Erythrocyte maturation stimulated by
erythropoietin
how does a erythroid progenitor cell become an erythrocyte
erythropoietin stimulates progenitor cells into forming committed
proerythroblasts, then into normoblasts, into reticulocytes, into
erythrocytes
Erythropoietin
hormone released from the kidney in response to low renal oxygenation,
produced in the peritubular interstitial cells of the kidney
Erythropoietin life span
4-12 hours
where is erythropoietin present
the plasma
reticulocytes
last immature form of erythroblast
questions fully solved &
updated 2026
What maintains the osmolarity and acid-base balance of the blood
Electrolytes and proteins
Functions of blood
provide nutrients to cells, provide oxygen for cellular metabolism,
removes by-products, carries the cells that protect the body against
infection and invading organisms
3 groups of plasma proteins
albumin, clotting factors (mostly fibrinogen), lipoproteins (triglycerides,
cholesterol, fatty acids)
Albumin
function as carrier and control plasma oncotic pressure
serum
plasma without clotting factors
pluripotential cells
in the bone marrow and can differentiate into major blood cells (red,
white, platelets)
Erythrocytes
red blood cells
Leukocytes
white blood cells
Thrombocytes
platelets
Most abundant cells of the body
erythrocytes
Functions of Erythrocytes
,responsible for tissue oxygenation, contain hemoglobin and carry gases
and electrolytes, have biconcavity and reversible deformity
Life cycle of erythrocytes
120 days, spleen replaces
Normal platelet count
150,000-400,000
Platelets are formed from
the fragmentation of megakaryocytes
Platelets are produced, stored, and removed by what
produced by the bone marrow, stored and removed by the spleen
life span of platelets
5-9 days
function of platelets
essential for blood coagulation and the control of bleeding
lymphoid organs
sites of residence, proliferation, differentiation, and function of
lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes, link to the hematologic and
immune system
primary lymphoid organs
thymus and bone marrow
secondary lymphoid organs
Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and Peyer Patches of the small intestine
Hematopoiesis
process of blood cell production in adult bone marrow or in the
liver/spleen of fetus
2 stages of hematopoiesis
Mitosis (proliferation) cells divide
Maturation (differentiation) cells mature
bone marrow
primary site of residence of hematopoietic stem cells, also called myeloid
tissue
2 types of bone marrow
, red marrow (produce RBCs) and yellow marrow (do not produce RBCs)
Stem cell pool
The product of self-renewal that maintains the number of pluripotent stem
cells and partially committed progenitor cells
Bone marrow pool
-contains cells that are proliferating and maturing in preparation for
release into the circulation
-mature cells are stored for later release into the peripheral blood
3 factors that increase Hematopoiesis
(1) conversion of yellow bone marrow, which does not produce blood cells,
to hematopoietic red marrow by the actions of erythropoietin (a hormone
that stimulates erythrocyte production); (2) faster differentiation of
progenitor cells; and (3) faster proliferation of stem cells into progenitor
cells
Erythropoiesis
production of red blood cells
Erythrocytes derived from
erythroblasts
Erythrocyte maturation stimulated by
erythropoietin
how does a erythroid progenitor cell become an erythrocyte
erythropoietin stimulates progenitor cells into forming committed
proerythroblasts, then into normoblasts, into reticulocytes, into
erythrocytes
Erythropoietin
hormone released from the kidney in response to low renal oxygenation,
produced in the peritubular interstitial cells of the kidney
Erythropoietin life span
4-12 hours
where is erythropoietin present
the plasma
reticulocytes
last immature form of erythroblast
