UA BSC Exam Study Guide 2025/2026 Edition – Fully Updated Study
Guide with Correct Answers! Graded A+
Base - a substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. PH greater than 7.
base examples - sodium and hydroxide
acid examp - hydrochloric acid and stomach acid
hydrolysis reaction - adds the equivalent of a water molecule to break apart macromolecules, examp.
breakdown of lactose into its monomers by the enzyme lactose
dehydration reaction - removes equivalent of a water molecule to link molecular units, builds
macromolecules from smaller subunits, dehydration is the opposite of hydrolysis
the 4 macromolecules of life - 1. carbohydrates
2.lipids
3.proteins
4. nucleic acids
carbohydrates - includes sugars and polymers of sugars, small sugar molecules dissolved into energy
drinks
lipids - do not mix with water, oil
proteins - polymer of amino acid monomers
nucleic acids - store info and provide the insturctions for building proteins, DNA and RNA are nucleic
acids
cells make macromolecules by - linking monomers and polymers
, what is high frutose corn syrup - a disaccharide that is converting natural glucose in corn syrup into
fructose
why are trans fats unhealthy - a double bond is created unnaturally
organic molecule - the study of carbon based molecules
difference bw simple and complex molecules - simple carbs=monosaccharids that cant be broken
down
complex= polysaccharids that are long chains of monosaccharids
monosaccharides - glucose and fructose, fruit and honey
disaccarides - lactose and maltose , table sugar and hyfrutose corn syrup
glycogen - how animals store excess sugar in form of polysaccharide
starch - how plants store energy
diff bw sat. and unsat lipids - unsat= has fewer than max number of hydrogens at a double bond,
bended shape
sat=contain max hydrogens, have straight shape
phospholipids - similar to neutral fats, composite molecules, part associates with water half doesnt
peptide bond - bond bw adjacent amino acids
what effects protein folding - unfavorable temp and PH changes, high fever
Roles of proteins - instrumental in almost all cell functions, when a cell forms an polypeptide the
chain folds for the protein which allows certain functions to be acheivable
Guide with Correct Answers! Graded A+
Base - a substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. PH greater than 7.
base examples - sodium and hydroxide
acid examp - hydrochloric acid and stomach acid
hydrolysis reaction - adds the equivalent of a water molecule to break apart macromolecules, examp.
breakdown of lactose into its monomers by the enzyme lactose
dehydration reaction - removes equivalent of a water molecule to link molecular units, builds
macromolecules from smaller subunits, dehydration is the opposite of hydrolysis
the 4 macromolecules of life - 1. carbohydrates
2.lipids
3.proteins
4. nucleic acids
carbohydrates - includes sugars and polymers of sugars, small sugar molecules dissolved into energy
drinks
lipids - do not mix with water, oil
proteins - polymer of amino acid monomers
nucleic acids - store info and provide the insturctions for building proteins, DNA and RNA are nucleic
acids
cells make macromolecules by - linking monomers and polymers
, what is high frutose corn syrup - a disaccharide that is converting natural glucose in corn syrup into
fructose
why are trans fats unhealthy - a double bond is created unnaturally
organic molecule - the study of carbon based molecules
difference bw simple and complex molecules - simple carbs=monosaccharids that cant be broken
down
complex= polysaccharids that are long chains of monosaccharids
monosaccharides - glucose and fructose, fruit and honey
disaccarides - lactose and maltose , table sugar and hyfrutose corn syrup
glycogen - how animals store excess sugar in form of polysaccharide
starch - how plants store energy
diff bw sat. and unsat lipids - unsat= has fewer than max number of hydrogens at a double bond,
bended shape
sat=contain max hydrogens, have straight shape
phospholipids - similar to neutral fats, composite molecules, part associates with water half doesnt
peptide bond - bond bw adjacent amino acids
what effects protein folding - unfavorable temp and PH changes, high fever
Roles of proteins - instrumental in almost all cell functions, when a cell forms an polypeptide the
chain folds for the protein which allows certain functions to be acheivable
