TCDHA Microbiology Study Guide All Exam Questions
and Answers Graded A+ 2025/2026
What did Edward Jenner do? - - He created the small pox vaccination from
cow pox.
- credited with concept of immunization
What did Louis Pasteur do? - - invented pasteurization
- saved wine industry by heating grape juice to reduce amount of bacteria
- use of heat to destroy vegetative bacteria + resistent bacterial spores
- discovered bacteria produced disease such as anthrax and cholera
- created first vaccines for rabies, anthrax and cholera
What did John Tyndall do? - - discovered tyndallization
- discovered need for prolonged heating to destroy bacteria
What are the 2 forms that bacteria exist? - - heat stable
- heat sensitive
What is tyndallization? - Prolong/ intermittent heat to destroy heat-
stable/sensitive bacteria
What did Ferdinand Cohn do? - discovered endospores
What are endospores? - Dormant form of bacteria w/ enhance resistance to
heat, staining and disinfection
What did Joseph Lister do? - Discovered role of airborne microorganisms
Discovered that airborne mo's can be reduced w carbolic acid (phenols)
What did Christian Gram do? - developed gram stain
What is gram staining? - Determines differences in the cell wall
2 distinct groups - gram positive and gram negative
What did Ignaz Semmelweis do? - Recognized importance of handwashing
What did Sir Alexander Fleming discover? - penicillin
,What did Wendell Stanley do? - Developed electron microscope
What did Robert Koch do? - identified the bacterium that causes
tuberculosis, anthrax and cholera
What are prokaryotic cells? - Primitive cells
NO internal membrane
NO nucleus
What is bacteria? - prokaryote
What is a eukaryotic cell? - Complex cells
WITH internal membranes
HAVE a nucleus
What group do protozoa, algae, fungi, plants and animals belong to? -
Eukaryote
What is flagella? - Long, thin whip-like structure that helps organisms move
What is a fimbriae, pili? - short surface projections that help attach
prokaryotes to surface
What is a cytoplasmic membrane? - barrier that separates the inside of the
cell from the outside environment
regulates amount of molecules entering or leaving
What are mesosomes? - internal folds of the cell membrane in the
cytoplasm
Present mostly in gram positive bacteria
What is cytoplasm? - fluid inside the cell
What is the cell wall? - Gives cell its shape; protection from mechanical
damage
, What is the outer-membrane of gram-negative bacteria? - Contains
endotoxin; transport of nutrients
When endotoxin is released from bacteria present in body it can cause
damage to nearby body cells
What is a capsule? - Gelatinous covering produced by cytoplasmic
membrane
Protects from drying
What are granules? - Function as energy reserve
What are ribosomes? - site of protein synthesis
What are endospores? - Thick walled structure
One of most resistant forms of life against heat, drying and chemicals
Defence mechanism/ protection against adverse conditions
What are plasmids? - extra chromosomal DNA
Gives ability of bacteria to grow by being resistant to physical and chemical
agents and antibiotics
What is endocytosis? - Taking in of matter
What is exocytosis? - materials are exported out of the cell
What is the endoplasmic reticulum? - Fluid filled tubules for carrying
substances
What is the smooth ER? - lacks ribosomes
What is the rough ER? - has ribosomes
What are vesicles? - Surround protein; occur in endocytosis and exocytosis
What is the mitochondria? - Powerhouse of the cell
and Answers Graded A+ 2025/2026
What did Edward Jenner do? - - He created the small pox vaccination from
cow pox.
- credited with concept of immunization
What did Louis Pasteur do? - - invented pasteurization
- saved wine industry by heating grape juice to reduce amount of bacteria
- use of heat to destroy vegetative bacteria + resistent bacterial spores
- discovered bacteria produced disease such as anthrax and cholera
- created first vaccines for rabies, anthrax and cholera
What did John Tyndall do? - - discovered tyndallization
- discovered need for prolonged heating to destroy bacteria
What are the 2 forms that bacteria exist? - - heat stable
- heat sensitive
What is tyndallization? - Prolong/ intermittent heat to destroy heat-
stable/sensitive bacteria
What did Ferdinand Cohn do? - discovered endospores
What are endospores? - Dormant form of bacteria w/ enhance resistance to
heat, staining and disinfection
What did Joseph Lister do? - Discovered role of airborne microorganisms
Discovered that airborne mo's can be reduced w carbolic acid (phenols)
What did Christian Gram do? - developed gram stain
What is gram staining? - Determines differences in the cell wall
2 distinct groups - gram positive and gram negative
What did Ignaz Semmelweis do? - Recognized importance of handwashing
What did Sir Alexander Fleming discover? - penicillin
,What did Wendell Stanley do? - Developed electron microscope
What did Robert Koch do? - identified the bacterium that causes
tuberculosis, anthrax and cholera
What are prokaryotic cells? - Primitive cells
NO internal membrane
NO nucleus
What is bacteria? - prokaryote
What is a eukaryotic cell? - Complex cells
WITH internal membranes
HAVE a nucleus
What group do protozoa, algae, fungi, plants and animals belong to? -
Eukaryote
What is flagella? - Long, thin whip-like structure that helps organisms move
What is a fimbriae, pili? - short surface projections that help attach
prokaryotes to surface
What is a cytoplasmic membrane? - barrier that separates the inside of the
cell from the outside environment
regulates amount of molecules entering or leaving
What are mesosomes? - internal folds of the cell membrane in the
cytoplasm
Present mostly in gram positive bacteria
What is cytoplasm? - fluid inside the cell
What is the cell wall? - Gives cell its shape; protection from mechanical
damage
, What is the outer-membrane of gram-negative bacteria? - Contains
endotoxin; transport of nutrients
When endotoxin is released from bacteria present in body it can cause
damage to nearby body cells
What is a capsule? - Gelatinous covering produced by cytoplasmic
membrane
Protects from drying
What are granules? - Function as energy reserve
What are ribosomes? - site of protein synthesis
What are endospores? - Thick walled structure
One of most resistant forms of life against heat, drying and chemicals
Defence mechanism/ protection against adverse conditions
What are plasmids? - extra chromosomal DNA
Gives ability of bacteria to grow by being resistant to physical and chemical
agents and antibiotics
What is endocytosis? - Taking in of matter
What is exocytosis? - materials are exported out of the cell
What is the endoplasmic reticulum? - Fluid filled tubules for carrying
substances
What is the smooth ER? - lacks ribosomes
What is the rough ER? - has ribosomes
What are vesicles? - Surround protein; occur in endocytosis and exocytosis
What is the mitochondria? - Powerhouse of the cell
