Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Further Pure Mathematics
Study Guide 2R QP 2025/2026/2027 (100% Successful Rate)
Imitation - Copying behaviour of others
Identification - When an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like the
role model.
live models - e.g teaches, siblings, parents
symbolic models - people in the media
Modelling - From the observer's perspective, its imitating behaviour of the role model. From the role
model's perspective, its the precise demonstration of a specific behaviour that may be imitated by
the observer.
Vicarious reinforcement - Not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being
reinforced for their behaviour - key factor in imitation.
Mediational processes - Cognitive factors that influence learning a behaviour and come between
stimulus and response. for modelling to occur there must be attention, retention, motor
reproduction, motivation.
Attention - noticing certain behaviours
Retention - remembering the behaviour
Motor reproduction - whether the behaviour is physically possible to carry out.
Motivation - there has to be a reason to want to copy their behaviour
Cognitive approach - -Focused on how our mental processes affect behaviour
- thinking causes behaviour
- The mind actively processes information from our senses (touch, taste etc.).
,Internal mental processes - 'Private' operations of the minds such as perception and attention that
mediate between stimulus and response
Schema - A mental shortcut of beliefs and expectations developed from experience.
Pros and cons of schemas - + mental shortcut -we don't have to rethink the same ideas- helps us to
remember
- a schemas can lead to phobias e.g about exams can cause panic attacks
- can lead to prejudice and racism
Inference - The process whereby cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental
processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour
Cognitive neuroscience - The scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive
processes.
The biological approach - Sees all out behaviour is rooted for our biological structure and that
everything psychological has a biological basis
1) genes- specific genes and combinations of genes will have an influence on both the physical and
psychological aspects of people. Genes that code for characteristics or behaviours that are beneficial
to survival will be passed on to the next generation
2) The biological structure-the behaviour of the individual is controlled and coordinated by the brain
and the nervous system
3) The chemistry of the body-hormones in the body and neurotransmitters in the brain have a much
impact on our behaviour
Genotype - Particular set of genes that a person possesses
Genes - Made of DNA which codes physical features of an organism and psychological features.
Inherited.
Biological structure - Arrangement or organisation of parts to form an organ/system/living thing
Evolution - The changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive
generations
, Phenotype - Characteristics of an individual determined by both genes and the environment
Neurochemistry - Relating to chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning
Psychodynamic approach - -Behaviour is influenced by early childhood experiences
-behaviour is motivated by two instincts- sex and life
The unconscious - The part of the mind that we are unaware of but which continues to direct much
of our behaviour.
The conscious - the part of our mind we are aware of on a daily basis- can be influenced by the
unconscious
Id - Entirely unconscious, the id is made up of selfish aggressive instincts that demand immediate
gratification.
Ego - The 'reality check' that balances the conflicting demands of the id and superego.
Superego - The moralistic part of our personality which represents the ideal self: how we ought to
be.
Defence mechanisms - Unconscious strategies that the ego uses to manage the conflict between the
id and the superego.
Repression - forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind
Denial - refusing to acknowledge some parts of reality
Displacement - transferring feelings from true source of distressing emotion onto a substitute target
Psychosexual stages - According to Freud, five developmental stages that all children pass through. At
most stages there is a specific conflict, the outcome of which determines future development.
Study Guide 2R QP 2025/2026/2027 (100% Successful Rate)
Imitation - Copying behaviour of others
Identification - When an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like the
role model.
live models - e.g teaches, siblings, parents
symbolic models - people in the media
Modelling - From the observer's perspective, its imitating behaviour of the role model. From the role
model's perspective, its the precise demonstration of a specific behaviour that may be imitated by
the observer.
Vicarious reinforcement - Not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being
reinforced for their behaviour - key factor in imitation.
Mediational processes - Cognitive factors that influence learning a behaviour and come between
stimulus and response. for modelling to occur there must be attention, retention, motor
reproduction, motivation.
Attention - noticing certain behaviours
Retention - remembering the behaviour
Motor reproduction - whether the behaviour is physically possible to carry out.
Motivation - there has to be a reason to want to copy their behaviour
Cognitive approach - -Focused on how our mental processes affect behaviour
- thinking causes behaviour
- The mind actively processes information from our senses (touch, taste etc.).
,Internal mental processes - 'Private' operations of the minds such as perception and attention that
mediate between stimulus and response
Schema - A mental shortcut of beliefs and expectations developed from experience.
Pros and cons of schemas - + mental shortcut -we don't have to rethink the same ideas- helps us to
remember
- a schemas can lead to phobias e.g about exams can cause panic attacks
- can lead to prejudice and racism
Inference - The process whereby cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental
processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour
Cognitive neuroscience - The scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive
processes.
The biological approach - Sees all out behaviour is rooted for our biological structure and that
everything psychological has a biological basis
1) genes- specific genes and combinations of genes will have an influence on both the physical and
psychological aspects of people. Genes that code for characteristics or behaviours that are beneficial
to survival will be passed on to the next generation
2) The biological structure-the behaviour of the individual is controlled and coordinated by the brain
and the nervous system
3) The chemistry of the body-hormones in the body and neurotransmitters in the brain have a much
impact on our behaviour
Genotype - Particular set of genes that a person possesses
Genes - Made of DNA which codes physical features of an organism and psychological features.
Inherited.
Biological structure - Arrangement or organisation of parts to form an organ/system/living thing
Evolution - The changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive
generations
, Phenotype - Characteristics of an individual determined by both genes and the environment
Neurochemistry - Relating to chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning
Psychodynamic approach - -Behaviour is influenced by early childhood experiences
-behaviour is motivated by two instincts- sex and life
The unconscious - The part of the mind that we are unaware of but which continues to direct much
of our behaviour.
The conscious - the part of our mind we are aware of on a daily basis- can be influenced by the
unconscious
Id - Entirely unconscious, the id is made up of selfish aggressive instincts that demand immediate
gratification.
Ego - The 'reality check' that balances the conflicting demands of the id and superego.
Superego - The moralistic part of our personality which represents the ideal self: how we ought to
be.
Defence mechanisms - Unconscious strategies that the ego uses to manage the conflict between the
id and the superego.
Repression - forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind
Denial - refusing to acknowledge some parts of reality
Displacement - transferring feelings from true source of distressing emotion onto a substitute target
Psychosexual stages - According to Freud, five developmental stages that all children pass through. At
most stages there is a specific conflict, the outcome of which determines future development.
