Chapter 1 1-1
Chapter
A Review of Basic Concepts
(Optional) 1
1.1 a. High school GPA is a number usually between 0.0 and 4.0. Therefore, it is quantitative.
b. Country of citizenship: USA, Japan, etc. is qualitative.
c. The scores on the SAT's are numbers between 200 and 800. Therefore, it is quantitative.
d. Gender is either male or female. Therefore, it is qualitative.
e. Parent's income is a number: $25,000, $45,000, etc. Therefore, it is quantitative.
f. Age is a number: 17, 18, etc. Therefore, it is quantitative.
1.2 a. The experimental units are the new automobiles. The model name, manufacturer, type of
transmission, engine size, number of cylinders, estimated city miles/gallon, and estimated
highway miles/gallon are measured on each automobile.
b. Model name, manufacturer, and type of transmission are qualitative. None of these is
measured on a numerical scale. Engine size, number of cylinders, estimated city
miles/gallon, and estimated highway miles/gallon are all quantitative. Each of these
variables is measured on a numerical scale.
1.3 Both the variables current position and type of organization are qualitative. The variable years of
experience is quantitative because it is measured on a numerical scale.
1.4 The experimental units are the operational satellites currently in orbit around Earth. The
variables country of operator/owner, primary use, and class of orbit are all qualitative because
none are measured on a numerical scale. The variables longitudinal position, apogee, launch
mass, usable electric power, and expected lifetime are all quantitative variables. All of these
variables are measured on a numerical scale.
1.5 a. Species of sea buckthorn is a qualitative variable.
b. Altitude of collection location is a quantitative variable.
c. Total flavonoid content in berries is a quantitative variable.
1.6 Gender and level of education are both qualitative since neither is measured on a numerical scale.
Age, income, job satisfaction score, and Machiavellian rating score are all quantitative since they
can be measured on a numerical scale.
1.7 a. The population of interest is all decision makers. The sample set is 155 volunteer students.
Variables measured were the emotional state and whether to repair a very old car (yes or
no).
b. Subjects in the guilty-state group are less likely to repair an old car.
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc.
,1-2 A Review of Basic Concepts
1.8 a. The data would represent the population. These data are all of the data that are of interest to
the researchers.
b. If the 80 jamming attacks are actually a sample, then the population would be all jamming
attacks by the U.S. military over the past several years.
1.9 a. The experimental units are the participants in the study.
b. The variables of interest are the price of the engagement ring and the level of appreciation.
The price of the ring is quantitative, while the level of appreciation is qualitative.
c. The population of interest is average American engaged couples.
d. The sample of 33 respondents is probably not representative of the population. Only
engaged couples who used a popular website for engaged couples were used. Those who
used this website were probably not representative of all average American engaged
couples.
1.10 a. The sample is the set of 505 teenagers selected at random from all U.S. teenagers.
b. The population from which the sample was selected is the set of all teenagers in the U.S.
c. Since the sample was a random sample, it should be representative of the population.
d. The variable of interest is the topics that teenagers most want to discuss with their parents.
e. The inference is expressed as a percent of the population that want to discuss particular
topics with their parents.
f. The “margin of error” is the measure of reliability. This margin of error measures the
uncertainty of the inference.
1.11 a. The population of interest is all young women who recently participated in a STEM
program.
b. The sample is the 159 young women who were recruited to complete an online survey.
c. We would infer that 27% of all young women who recently participated in a STEM program
felt that participation in the STEM program increased their interest in science.
1.12 a. The population of interest is the Machiavellian traits in accountants.
b. The sample is 198 accounting alumni of a large southwestern university.
c. The Machiavellian behavior is not necessary to achieve success in the accounting
profession.
d. Non-response could bias the results by not including potential other important information
that could direct the researcher to a conclusion.
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc.
, Chapter 1 1-3
1.13 a. A relative frequency table is:
Relative
Rhino Species Frequency Frequency
African Black 5,000 0.1745
African White 20,000 0.6978
(Asian) Sumatran 100 0.0035
(Asian) Javan 60 0.0021
(Asian) Greater One-Horned 3,500 0.1221
Total 28,660 1.000
b. Using MINITAB, the relative frequency bar graph is:
Chart of Rel Freq
0.7
0.6
0.5
Rel Freq
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Black White Sumatran Javan Greater 1-horned
Species
c. The proportion of African rhinos is 0.1745 0.6978 0.8723. The proportion of Asian
rhinos is 0.0035 0.0021 0.1221 0.1277.
d. Using MINITAB, the pie chart for these proportions is:
Pie Chart of Species
Category
African
Asian
Asian
12.8%
African
87.2%
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc.
, 1-4 A Review of Basic Concepts
1.14 a. From the pie chart, 76.0% of the sample have a cable/satellite subscription at home. The
proportion would be 0.76. This can be found by computing the relative frequency
or 1,521/ 2, 001 0.76.
b. Using MINITAB, the pie chart is:
Pie Chart of Type
Category
Current Subscriber
Cord Cutter Cord Cutter
16.5%
Current Subscriber
83.5%
1.15 Using MINITAB, the side-by-side bar graphs are:
Chart of Dive
Left Middle Right
Ahead Behind
80
60
40
20
Percent
0
Tied
80
60
40
20
0
Left Middle Right
Dive
Panel variable: Situation; Percent within all data.
From the graphs, it appears that if the team is either tied or ahead, the goal-keepers tend to dive
either right or left with equal probability, with very few diving in the middle. However, if the
team is behind, then the majority of goal-keepers tend to dive right (71%).
196
1.16 a. 0.3889 is the proportion of ice melt ponds that had landfast ice.
504
88
b. Yes, since 0.1746 is approximately 17%.
504
c. The multiyear ice type appears to be significantly different from the first-year ice melt.
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter
A Review of Basic Concepts
(Optional) 1
1.1 a. High school GPA is a number usually between 0.0 and 4.0. Therefore, it is quantitative.
b. Country of citizenship: USA, Japan, etc. is qualitative.
c. The scores on the SAT's are numbers between 200 and 800. Therefore, it is quantitative.
d. Gender is either male or female. Therefore, it is qualitative.
e. Parent's income is a number: $25,000, $45,000, etc. Therefore, it is quantitative.
f. Age is a number: 17, 18, etc. Therefore, it is quantitative.
1.2 a. The experimental units are the new automobiles. The model name, manufacturer, type of
transmission, engine size, number of cylinders, estimated city miles/gallon, and estimated
highway miles/gallon are measured on each automobile.
b. Model name, manufacturer, and type of transmission are qualitative. None of these is
measured on a numerical scale. Engine size, number of cylinders, estimated city
miles/gallon, and estimated highway miles/gallon are all quantitative. Each of these
variables is measured on a numerical scale.
1.3 Both the variables current position and type of organization are qualitative. The variable years of
experience is quantitative because it is measured on a numerical scale.
1.4 The experimental units are the operational satellites currently in orbit around Earth. The
variables country of operator/owner, primary use, and class of orbit are all qualitative because
none are measured on a numerical scale. The variables longitudinal position, apogee, launch
mass, usable electric power, and expected lifetime are all quantitative variables. All of these
variables are measured on a numerical scale.
1.5 a. Species of sea buckthorn is a qualitative variable.
b. Altitude of collection location is a quantitative variable.
c. Total flavonoid content in berries is a quantitative variable.
1.6 Gender and level of education are both qualitative since neither is measured on a numerical scale.
Age, income, job satisfaction score, and Machiavellian rating score are all quantitative since they
can be measured on a numerical scale.
1.7 a. The population of interest is all decision makers. The sample set is 155 volunteer students.
Variables measured were the emotional state and whether to repair a very old car (yes or
no).
b. Subjects in the guilty-state group are less likely to repair an old car.
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc.
,1-2 A Review of Basic Concepts
1.8 a. The data would represent the population. These data are all of the data that are of interest to
the researchers.
b. If the 80 jamming attacks are actually a sample, then the population would be all jamming
attacks by the U.S. military over the past several years.
1.9 a. The experimental units are the participants in the study.
b. The variables of interest are the price of the engagement ring and the level of appreciation.
The price of the ring is quantitative, while the level of appreciation is qualitative.
c. The population of interest is average American engaged couples.
d. The sample of 33 respondents is probably not representative of the population. Only
engaged couples who used a popular website for engaged couples were used. Those who
used this website were probably not representative of all average American engaged
couples.
1.10 a. The sample is the set of 505 teenagers selected at random from all U.S. teenagers.
b. The population from which the sample was selected is the set of all teenagers in the U.S.
c. Since the sample was a random sample, it should be representative of the population.
d. The variable of interest is the topics that teenagers most want to discuss with their parents.
e. The inference is expressed as a percent of the population that want to discuss particular
topics with their parents.
f. The “margin of error” is the measure of reliability. This margin of error measures the
uncertainty of the inference.
1.11 a. The population of interest is all young women who recently participated in a STEM
program.
b. The sample is the 159 young women who were recruited to complete an online survey.
c. We would infer that 27% of all young women who recently participated in a STEM program
felt that participation in the STEM program increased their interest in science.
1.12 a. The population of interest is the Machiavellian traits in accountants.
b. The sample is 198 accounting alumni of a large southwestern university.
c. The Machiavellian behavior is not necessary to achieve success in the accounting
profession.
d. Non-response could bias the results by not including potential other important information
that could direct the researcher to a conclusion.
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc.
, Chapter 1 1-3
1.13 a. A relative frequency table is:
Relative
Rhino Species Frequency Frequency
African Black 5,000 0.1745
African White 20,000 0.6978
(Asian) Sumatran 100 0.0035
(Asian) Javan 60 0.0021
(Asian) Greater One-Horned 3,500 0.1221
Total 28,660 1.000
b. Using MINITAB, the relative frequency bar graph is:
Chart of Rel Freq
0.7
0.6
0.5
Rel Freq
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Black White Sumatran Javan Greater 1-horned
Species
c. The proportion of African rhinos is 0.1745 0.6978 0.8723. The proportion of Asian
rhinos is 0.0035 0.0021 0.1221 0.1277.
d. Using MINITAB, the pie chart for these proportions is:
Pie Chart of Species
Category
African
Asian
Asian
12.8%
African
87.2%
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc.
, 1-4 A Review of Basic Concepts
1.14 a. From the pie chart, 76.0% of the sample have a cable/satellite subscription at home. The
proportion would be 0.76. This can be found by computing the relative frequency
or 1,521/ 2, 001 0.76.
b. Using MINITAB, the pie chart is:
Pie Chart of Type
Category
Current Subscriber
Cord Cutter Cord Cutter
16.5%
Current Subscriber
83.5%
1.15 Using MINITAB, the side-by-side bar graphs are:
Chart of Dive
Left Middle Right
Ahead Behind
80
60
40
20
Percent
0
Tied
80
60
40
20
0
Left Middle Right
Dive
Panel variable: Situation; Percent within all data.
From the graphs, it appears that if the team is either tied or ahead, the goal-keepers tend to dive
either right or left with equal probability, with very few diving in the middle. However, if the
team is behind, then the majority of goal-keepers tend to dive right (71%).
196
1.16 a. 0.3889 is the proportion of ice melt ponds that had landfast ice.
504
88
b. Yes, since 0.1746 is approximately 17%.
504
c. The multiyear ice type appears to be significantly different from the first-year ice melt.
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc.
