Microbiology: HIV/AIDS Research Exam Questions And Correct Answers 100% Verified.

HIV structure - correct answer s.s. RNA genome, reverse transcriptase enzyme, helical capsid, envelope, spikes (gp120 - "glycoprotein") Retrovirus - correct answer s.s. RNA genome leads to reverse transcription with leads to viral d.s. DNA 1. Attachment (HIV life cycle) - correct answer to CD4 cells, virus gp120 spikes "fits" CD4 antigen and CXCR4 (or CCR5) 2. Penetration (HIV life cycle) - correct answer is when the virus envelope fuses with all membrane 3. Reverse Transcription (HIV life cycle) - correct answer Provirus (infects DNA), latent, and high mutation rate 4. Biosynthesis (HIV life cycle) - correct answer viral proteins and RNA 5. Maturation - correct answer maturation 6. Release - correct answer via budding Immunodeficiency Disorders - correct answer primary: genetic defects, secondary: infectious agents, leukemias, meds, radiation HIV (human immunodeficient virus), origin: - correct answer ~1908 in central Africa: SIV went to humans. In 1980, AIDS was recognized as a disease. In 1983, HIV was identified as etiologic agent HIV-1: - correct answer most common world wide HIV-2: - correct answer in w. Africa - less virulent Worldwide subtypes (clades): - correct answer HIV-1 has II subtypes, (US 90% cases are HIV-1, Clade B) Group 1: HIV infection - correct answer - first few weeks: high viremia, flu-like symptoms - immune response: antibodies made (takes few weeks), test HIV+, most cleared from blood Group 2: Asymptomatic - correct answer - provirus - still HIV+ - most virus cleared from blood - Group 3: Early symptoms - correct answer - years later - drop in CD4 cells - Symptoms - swollen lymph nodes, rashes, mouth ulcers Group 3: advanced symptoms - correct answer - symptoms more severe: fever, diarrhea, weight loss, infections - thrush (yeasts), shingles, pre-cancerous lesions Group 4: AIDS - correct answer - Avg. ~10 years (in adults, in developed countries) - AIDs indicator conditions - most AIDS deaths are opportunistic infections PRINT FIGURE 1. Antibody tests - correct answer can be infected but no antibodies yet, newer rapid tests 2. Viral tests - correct answer more money and time, but this is what they do with donated blood HIV Transmission (body fluids): - correct answer via blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk, NOT: Saliva, urine, sweat, tears World - correct answer 75% heterosexual, 5-10% IV drug use, 5-10% homeosexual, 3-5% blood transfusion, 0-1% other US - correct answer 32% heterosexual, 11% IV drug, 55% homeosexual, 0-1% other HIV transmission congenital - correct answer Infants of HIV+ mothers: ~20-55% infected, 18 moths survival, drug therapy minimizes transmission