NSG 3870 Exam 1 (Oxygenation, Perfusion, Acid-Base
Balance): Accurate Answers To All Questions
P wave Right Ans - atrial depolarization, represents the electrical impulse
starting in the SA node spreading through the atria, atrial contraction
QRS complex Right Ans - ventricular depolarization and atrial
repolarization (atrial repolarization not visible), ventricular contraction. QRS
complex usually lasts less than 0.12 seconds
Q wave- first negative deflection, usually less than 0.04
R wave- first positive deflection
S wave- negative deflection after R wave
T wave Right Ans - ventricular repolarization, ventricular relaxation.
U wave Right Ans - repolarization of the purkinje fibers, not commonly
seen. Often seen in patients with hypokalemia, hypertension and heart
disease. Follows T wave
Order of conduction in the heart Right Ans - Originates in SA nodes—>
through the atria to AV node—> bundle of his —> to right and left bundle
branches—> purkinjie fibers
Sinus Bradycardia Right Ans - <60bpm
normal sinus rhythm
Sinus Tachycardia Right Ans - >100 bpm (usually 100-120)
normal sinus rhythm
sinus rhythm Right Ans - normal heart rhythm
60-100bpm
dysrhythmia Right Ans - Disorders of the formation or conduction (or
both) of the electrical impulse within the heart which causes abnormal heart
rate and/or rhythms
, heart failure Right Ans - a clinical syndrome resulting from structural or
functional cardiac disorders that impair the ability of a ventricle to fill or eject
blood
Indicates myocardial disease in which impaired contraction of the heart
(systolic dysfunction) or filling of the heart (diastolic dysfunction) may cause
pulmonary or systemic overload
Some cases are reversible, depending on cause
Most cases are chronic and progressive, may be managed with lifestyle
changes and medications
What is happening in the body during HF? Right Ans - Activation of
neurohormonal compensatory mechanisms (body trying to cope), causes SS
Systolic HF (decrease in blood ejected)
baroreceptors sense the def of blood flow—>sympathetic nerves stimulated
and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine—-> as workload increases,
contractility of the myocardial muscles decreases—-> increasing blood
volume in ventricle—->stretching of ventricle——> hypertrophy
Manifestations of HF - general Right Ans - SOB, edema, fatigue
Right sided heart failure manifestations Right Ans - JVD
Edema in lower extremities
Ascites (fluid in peritoneal cavity)
Weight gain due to fluid retention
Loss of appetite, nausea and abdominal pain may accur
Left sided heart failure manifestations Right Ans - Pulmonary congestion
(dyspnea, cough, crackles in lungs)
orthopnea (difficulty breathing lying flat)
Paroxysmal noctual dyspnea (sudden night attacks of dyspnea
Oliguria (drop in urine output
Nocturia
Altered digestion
Decreased brain perfusion (anxiety, restlessness, dizziness, lightheadedness,
confusion)
Balance): Accurate Answers To All Questions
P wave Right Ans - atrial depolarization, represents the electrical impulse
starting in the SA node spreading through the atria, atrial contraction
QRS complex Right Ans - ventricular depolarization and atrial
repolarization (atrial repolarization not visible), ventricular contraction. QRS
complex usually lasts less than 0.12 seconds
Q wave- first negative deflection, usually less than 0.04
R wave- first positive deflection
S wave- negative deflection after R wave
T wave Right Ans - ventricular repolarization, ventricular relaxation.
U wave Right Ans - repolarization of the purkinje fibers, not commonly
seen. Often seen in patients with hypokalemia, hypertension and heart
disease. Follows T wave
Order of conduction in the heart Right Ans - Originates in SA nodes—>
through the atria to AV node—> bundle of his —> to right and left bundle
branches—> purkinjie fibers
Sinus Bradycardia Right Ans - <60bpm
normal sinus rhythm
Sinus Tachycardia Right Ans - >100 bpm (usually 100-120)
normal sinus rhythm
sinus rhythm Right Ans - normal heart rhythm
60-100bpm
dysrhythmia Right Ans - Disorders of the formation or conduction (or
both) of the electrical impulse within the heart which causes abnormal heart
rate and/or rhythms
, heart failure Right Ans - a clinical syndrome resulting from structural or
functional cardiac disorders that impair the ability of a ventricle to fill or eject
blood
Indicates myocardial disease in which impaired contraction of the heart
(systolic dysfunction) or filling of the heart (diastolic dysfunction) may cause
pulmonary or systemic overload
Some cases are reversible, depending on cause
Most cases are chronic and progressive, may be managed with lifestyle
changes and medications
What is happening in the body during HF? Right Ans - Activation of
neurohormonal compensatory mechanisms (body trying to cope), causes SS
Systolic HF (decrease in blood ejected)
baroreceptors sense the def of blood flow—>sympathetic nerves stimulated
and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine—-> as workload increases,
contractility of the myocardial muscles decreases—-> increasing blood
volume in ventricle—->stretching of ventricle——> hypertrophy
Manifestations of HF - general Right Ans - SOB, edema, fatigue
Right sided heart failure manifestations Right Ans - JVD
Edema in lower extremities
Ascites (fluid in peritoneal cavity)
Weight gain due to fluid retention
Loss of appetite, nausea and abdominal pain may accur
Left sided heart failure manifestations Right Ans - Pulmonary congestion
(dyspnea, cough, crackles in lungs)
orthopnea (difficulty breathing lying flat)
Paroxysmal noctual dyspnea (sudden night attacks of dyspnea
Oliguria (drop in urine output
Nocturia
Altered digestion
Decreased brain perfusion (anxiety, restlessness, dizziness, lightheadedness,
confusion)
