SOLUTIONS & INSTRUCTOR MANUAL
fr fr fr
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th Edi
fr fr fr fr fr fr
tion by Peter Norvig and Stuart Russell, Chapters
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
1 – 28
fr fr
,Artificial Intelligence
fr
1 Introduction ...
2 Intelligent Agents ...
II Problem-solving
3 Solving Problems by Searching ...
4 Search in Complex Environments ...
5 Adversarial Search and Games ...
6 Constraint Satisfaction Problems ...
frfr
III Knowledge, reasoning, and planning
7 Logical Agents ...
8 First-Order Logic ...
9 Inference in First-Order Logic ...
10 Knowledge Representation ...
11 Automated Planning ...
IV Uncertain knowledge and reasoning
12 Quantifying Uncertainty ...
13 Probabilistic Reasoning ...
14 Probabilistic Reasoning over Time ...
15 Probabilistic Programming ...
16 Making Simple Decisions ...
17 Making Complex Decisions ...
18 Multiagent Decision Making ...
V Machine Learning
, 19 Learning from Examples ...
20 Learning Probabilistic Models ...
21 Deep Learning ...
22 Reinforcement Learning ...
VI Communicating, perceiving, and acting
23 Natural Language Processing ...
24 Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing ...
25 Computer Vision ...
26 Robotics ...
VII Conclusions
27 Philosophy, Ethics, and Safety of AI ...
28 The Future of AI
, EXERCISES vb
1
INTRODUCTION
Notef r thatf r forf r manyf r off r thef r questionsf r inf r thisf r chapter,f r wef r give
f r referencesfrwheref r answersf r canf r bef r foundf r rather than writing
themf r out—thef r fullfranswers would bef r far toof r long.
1.1 What Is AI?
Exercise 1.1.#DEFA
Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent, (d) ra-
tionality, (e) logical reasoning.
a. Dictionaryf r f r definitionsf r f r off r f r intelligencef r f r talkf r f r aboutf r f r “thef r f r
capacityf r f r tofracquiref r f r andf r f r applyf r f r knowledge”f r f r orf r f r “thef r f r fa
cultyf r f r off r f r thoughtf r f r andfrreason”f r orf r “thef r abilityf r tof r comprehend
f r andf r profitf r fromf r experience.”f r Thesef r f r aref r f r allf r f r reasonablef r f r answers
,f r f r butf r f r iff r f r wef r f r wantf r f r somethingfrquantifiablef r f r wef r f r wouldf r f r usef r f r some
thingf r f r likef r f r “thef r f r abilityf r f r tof r f r actfrsuccessfullyf r f r acrossf r f r af r f r widef r f r rang
ef r f r off r f r objectivesf r f r inf r f r complexfrenvironments.”
b. Wef r f r definef r f r artificialf r f r intelligencef r f r asf r f r thef r f r studyf r f r andf r f r c
onstructionf r f r offragentf r f r programsf r f r thatf r f r performf r f r wellf r f r inf r f r af r f r givenf r f
r classf r f r off r f r environments,frforf r f r af r f r givenf r f r agentf r f r architecture;f r f r t
heyf r f r dof r f r thef r f r rightf r f r thing.f r f r Anfrimportantf r partf r off r thatf r isf r dea
lingf r withf r thef r uncertaintyf r off r whatf r thefrcurrentf r f r statef r f r is,f r f r whatf
r f r thef r f r outcomef r f r off r f r possiblef r f r actionsf r f r mightf r f r be,frandf r f r whatf r f r
isf r f r itf r f r thatf r f r wef r f r reallyf r f r desire.
c. Wef r definef r anf r agentf r asf r anf r entityf r thatf r takesf r actionf r inf r respons
ef r tofrperceptsf r fromf r anf r envi-f r ronment.
d. Wef r f r definef r f r rationalityf r f r asf r f r thef r f r propertyf r f r off r f r af r f r systemf r f r whichf r f r d
oesf r f r thefr“rightf r thing”f r givenf r whatf r itf r knows.f r f r Seef r Sectionf r 2.2f
r forf r af r morefrcompletef r f r discussion.f r f r Thef r f r basicf r f r conceptf r f r isf r f r perf
ectf r rationality;f r f r Section
??f r describesf r thef r impossibilityf r off r achievingf r perfectf r rational-
f r ityf r andfrproposesf r anf r alternativef r definition.
e. Wef r f r definef r f r logicalf r f r reasoningf r f r asf r f r thef r f r af r f r processf r f r off r f r derivingf r f r n
ewfrsentencesf r fromf r old,f r suchf r f r thatf r thef r newf r sentencesf r aref r necessa
rilyf r truef r iffrthef r oldf r onesf r aref r true.f r f r (Noticef r thatf r doesf r notf r f r refer
f r tof r anyf r specificfrsyntaxf r orf r formalf r language,f r butf r itf r doesf r requiref r
af r well-definedf r notionf r offrtruth.)
© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
Exercise 1.1.#TURI
Read Turing’s original paper on AI (Turing, 1950). In the paper, he discusses several
objections to his proposed enterprise and his test for intelligence. Which objections still carry
fr fr fr
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th Edi
fr fr fr fr fr fr
tion by Peter Norvig and Stuart Russell, Chapters
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
1 – 28
fr fr
,Artificial Intelligence
fr
1 Introduction ...
2 Intelligent Agents ...
II Problem-solving
3 Solving Problems by Searching ...
4 Search in Complex Environments ...
5 Adversarial Search and Games ...
6 Constraint Satisfaction Problems ...
frfr
III Knowledge, reasoning, and planning
7 Logical Agents ...
8 First-Order Logic ...
9 Inference in First-Order Logic ...
10 Knowledge Representation ...
11 Automated Planning ...
IV Uncertain knowledge and reasoning
12 Quantifying Uncertainty ...
13 Probabilistic Reasoning ...
14 Probabilistic Reasoning over Time ...
15 Probabilistic Programming ...
16 Making Simple Decisions ...
17 Making Complex Decisions ...
18 Multiagent Decision Making ...
V Machine Learning
, 19 Learning from Examples ...
20 Learning Probabilistic Models ...
21 Deep Learning ...
22 Reinforcement Learning ...
VI Communicating, perceiving, and acting
23 Natural Language Processing ...
24 Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing ...
25 Computer Vision ...
26 Robotics ...
VII Conclusions
27 Philosophy, Ethics, and Safety of AI ...
28 The Future of AI
, EXERCISES vb
1
INTRODUCTION
Notef r thatf r forf r manyf r off r thef r questionsf r inf r thisf r chapter,f r wef r give
f r referencesfrwheref r answersf r canf r bef r foundf r rather than writing
themf r out—thef r fullfranswers would bef r far toof r long.
1.1 What Is AI?
Exercise 1.1.#DEFA
Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent, (d) ra-
tionality, (e) logical reasoning.
a. Dictionaryf r f r definitionsf r f r off r f r intelligencef r f r talkf r f r aboutf r f r “thef r f r
capacityf r f r tofracquiref r f r andf r f r applyf r f r knowledge”f r f r orf r f r “thef r f r fa
cultyf r f r off r f r thoughtf r f r andfrreason”f r orf r “thef r abilityf r tof r comprehend
f r andf r profitf r fromf r experience.”f r Thesef r f r aref r f r allf r f r reasonablef r f r answers
,f r f r butf r f r iff r f r wef r f r wantf r f r somethingfrquantifiablef r f r wef r f r wouldf r f r usef r f r some
thingf r f r likef r f r “thef r f r abilityf r f r tof r f r actfrsuccessfullyf r f r acrossf r f r af r f r widef r f r rang
ef r f r off r f r objectivesf r f r inf r f r complexfrenvironments.”
b. Wef r f r definef r f r artificialf r f r intelligencef r f r asf r f r thef r f r studyf r f r andf r f r c
onstructionf r f r offragentf r f r programsf r f r thatf r f r performf r f r wellf r f r inf r f r af r f r givenf r f
r classf r f r off r f r environments,frforf r f r af r f r givenf r f r agentf r f r architecture;f r f r t
heyf r f r dof r f r thef r f r rightf r f r thing.f r f r Anfrimportantf r partf r off r thatf r isf r dea
lingf r withf r thef r uncertaintyf r off r whatf r thefrcurrentf r f r statef r f r is,f r f r whatf
r f r thef r f r outcomef r f r off r f r possiblef r f r actionsf r f r mightf r f r be,frandf r f r whatf r f r
isf r f r itf r f r thatf r f r wef r f r reallyf r f r desire.
c. Wef r definef r anf r agentf r asf r anf r entityf r thatf r takesf r actionf r inf r respons
ef r tofrperceptsf r fromf r anf r envi-f r ronment.
d. Wef r f r definef r f r rationalityf r f r asf r f r thef r f r propertyf r f r off r f r af r f r systemf r f r whichf r f r d
oesf r f r thefr“rightf r thing”f r givenf r whatf r itf r knows.f r f r Seef r Sectionf r 2.2f
r forf r af r morefrcompletef r f r discussion.f r f r Thef r f r basicf r f r conceptf r f r isf r f r perf
ectf r rationality;f r f r Section
??f r describesf r thef r impossibilityf r off r achievingf r perfectf r rational-
f r ityf r andfrproposesf r anf r alternativef r definition.
e. Wef r f r definef r f r logicalf r f r reasoningf r f r asf r f r thef r f r af r f r processf r f r off r f r derivingf r f r n
ewfrsentencesf r fromf r old,f r suchf r f r thatf r thef r newf r sentencesf r aref r necessa
rilyf r truef r iffrthef r oldf r onesf r aref r true.f r f r (Noticef r thatf r doesf r notf r f r refer
f r tof r anyf r specificfrsyntaxf r orf r formalf r language,f r butf r itf r doesf r requiref r
af r well-definedf r notionf r offrtruth.)
© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
Exercise 1.1.#TURI
Read Turing’s original paper on AI (Turing, 1950). In the paper, he discusses several
objections to his proposed enterprise and his test for intelligence. Which objections still carry
