PortageLearning Pathophysiology Module 1 Questions & Answers

Definition of Pathophysiology - ANSWERSthe study of how structural/functional changes that occur in cells, tissues, and organs due to disease effect total body function What are the 5 etiologic factors (w/ examples) - ANSWERS1. Physical (trauma, burns, radiation) 2. Chemical (poisons, alcohol) 3. Biological (bacteria, viruses) 4. Genetic disposition 5. Nutritional imbalances (deficiencies, excesses) Please Call Billy Goat Now What are the 2 types of risk factors? - ANSWERS1. congenital conditions (present at birth) 2. acquired defects (occurring after birth) What is the difference between MORPHOLOGY and HISTOLOGY? - ANSWERSMorphology is the structure of a cell or tissue. Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular matrix at the tissue level Signs vs. Symptoms (example of each) - ANSWERSSigns - objective manifestations (dilated pupils, elevated heart rate) Symptoms - subjective complaints (stomach pain, trouble breathing) What are 3 processes needed when coming to a diagnosis? - ANSWERS1. patient history 2. physical exam 3. diagnostic tests PPD Validity - ANSWERShow a tool measures what it is supposed to measure Reliability - ANSWERSthe likelihood of the same result occurring if the test is repeated Sensitivity - ANSWERSTrue pos - proportion of people with the disease who are positive for the disease Specificity - ANSWERSTrue neg - proportion of people without the disease who are negative for the disease What is the definition of Epidemiology and what does it track? - ANSWERSThe study of how disease occurrence effects the human population. It tracks social determinants of health (i.e. age, race, geographic location, dietary habits) Incidence - ANSWERS# of NEW cases in a population at risk at a specified time Prevalence - ANSWERS# of existing cases in a population at a given time Mortality - ANSWERSdeath rate; cause of death in a population Morbidity - ANSWERSThe effect of a disease on quality of life Primary Prevention - ANSWERSEliminating risk factors to prevent disease from occuring (vaccinating children, diet) Secondary Prevention - ANSWERSDetect and treat disease early, usually while treatable and asymptomatic (annual pap smears, colonoscopy screening) Tertiary Prevention - ANSWERSClinical intervention to reduce complications/deterioration after disease is diagnosed (medications after a heart attack, dialysis) Why is evidence-based practice important? - ANSWERSThe conscientious reliance on current best, scientific evidence when caring for patients as to avoid/counteract "the way things have always been done" What are the 3 primary structures/functional components of the cell? - ANSWERS1. nucleus 2. plasma membrane 3. cytoplasm NPC What is the function of the nucleus? - ANSWERScontrol center of the cell and houses DNA and RNA Name 3 structures within the nucleus - ANSWERS1. nucleolus 2. nuclear envelope 3. chromatin Name the organelles located in the cytoplasm - ANSWERS1. ER (rough and smooth) 2. Golgi apparatus 3. Mitochondria 4. Lysosomes 5. Ribosomes What do ribosomes do? - ANSWERSsite of protein synthesis What does the rough ER do? - ANSWERShouses ribosomes and synthesizes lysosomes What does the smooth ER do? - ANSWERSsynthesizes lipids, lipoproteins, and steroid hormones (does not have ribosomes) what is the function of the lysosome - ANSWERSDigestive system for the cell. It breaks down cell excess, worn cell components, and foreign substances What is the function of the peroxisome - ANSWERSHelps control free radicals in the cel. They break down peroxides, long chain fatty acids, and help form bile acids What is the function of the mitochondria? - ANSWERSPower house of the cell. It helps convert organic compounds into energy for the cell (ATP). What is in the cytoskeleton and what does it do? - ANSWERSNetwork of Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, thick filaments. It controls cell structure and movement. where are cilia and flagella found in the human body? - ANSWERSFlagella - spermatozoa Cilia - epithelial lining of bronchi and nose in the upper respiratory system What are the 4 functions of the cell membrane? - ANSWERS1. aids in regulation of cell growth and division 2. controls transport of materials into and out of the cell 3. helps conduct electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells 4. houses hormone receptors Why do cells need to communicate with one another? - ANSWERSin complex organisms cells have special functions and need to communicate with one another to respond to changes in their environment, transport substances in and out and contribute to cell growth.