NS4105 Exam Guide With
Complete Solution
Key to Critical Thinking - BRAE - ANSWER Bias, Rationale, Agenda, Evidence
Humility of doubt - ANSWER To recognise there is always uncertainty
5 Critical Thinking Skills - ANSWER - Verbal Reasoning
- Argument Analysis
- Thinking as hypothesis testing
- Likeihood+uncertainty
- Decision making/problem solving
Logical Fallacies - ANSWER 'Bad Arguments' or 'failings of rational reasoning'
7 Logical Fallacies - ANSWER - Ad Hominem
- Tu Quoque
- Appeal to Authority
- Appeal to Popularity
- Appeal to Common practice
- Appeal to Tradition
- False Dilemma
Ad Hominem Fallacy - ANSWER Attacking the person not their position. E.g.
,Frued used cocaine so his theory is invalid - but there is no evidence cocaine
affected his theory
Tu Quoque Fallacy - ANSWER The 'you too' fallacy. If what someone says
contradicts their actions doesn't mean they are wrong.
E.g. not recycling but saying that if people don't recycle it is bad for the
environment
Appeal to Authority Fallacy - ANSWER When the person in question does not
have legitimate authority on the subject.
E.g. celebrities promoting a tablet that burns fat - they aren't scientists
Appeal to Popularity Fallacy - ANSWER Enforcing conformity, social
desirability as most people approve that it is the right thing to do
E.g. dressing girls in pink and boys blue
Appeal to Common Practice Fallacy - ANSWER Other people do it, therefore
it is acceptable.
E.g. everyone cheats so it's okay if I cheat
Appeal to Tradition Fallacy - ANSWER Arguing that a practice or policy is
good because people have followed it for a long time.
E.g. monarchy being the best form of gov
False Dilemma Fallacy - ANSWER An argument where there are a limited
amount of answers so you have to choose one to be correct meaning the
other is wrong. When they could be both wrong.
E.g. you're with us or you're against us
, Misleading Vividness Fallacy - ANSWER Describing dramatic events as if they
are an indication of something common
E.g Benefit Fraud - in reality is small percentage of pop but media describes
as crippling to UK - Click Bait
Post Hoc Fallacy - ANSWER False assumption that because one event
occurred before another event, it must have caused that event.
E.g. child gets MMR vaccine and got autism
Critical Thinking - ANSWER Has much in common with Scientific Thinking -
use of evidence and logical reasoning
Halpern 4 Stage Model for teaching Critical Thinking - ANSWER - Attitude
- Instruction and Practice
- Activities Facilitating Transfer of Skills
- Metacognition - assessing skills
Analogical Reasoning - ANSWER Seeing the shape of a problem from one
area and shaping it to another. If we identify analogies between problems
they can be altered.
6 Everyday Thinking Errors - ANSWER - Conformation Bias
- Stereotypes
- Biases of Probability
- Base Rate Probably
- Randomness
Complete Solution
Key to Critical Thinking - BRAE - ANSWER Bias, Rationale, Agenda, Evidence
Humility of doubt - ANSWER To recognise there is always uncertainty
5 Critical Thinking Skills - ANSWER - Verbal Reasoning
- Argument Analysis
- Thinking as hypothesis testing
- Likeihood+uncertainty
- Decision making/problem solving
Logical Fallacies - ANSWER 'Bad Arguments' or 'failings of rational reasoning'
7 Logical Fallacies - ANSWER - Ad Hominem
- Tu Quoque
- Appeal to Authority
- Appeal to Popularity
- Appeal to Common practice
- Appeal to Tradition
- False Dilemma
Ad Hominem Fallacy - ANSWER Attacking the person not their position. E.g.
,Frued used cocaine so his theory is invalid - but there is no evidence cocaine
affected his theory
Tu Quoque Fallacy - ANSWER The 'you too' fallacy. If what someone says
contradicts their actions doesn't mean they are wrong.
E.g. not recycling but saying that if people don't recycle it is bad for the
environment
Appeal to Authority Fallacy - ANSWER When the person in question does not
have legitimate authority on the subject.
E.g. celebrities promoting a tablet that burns fat - they aren't scientists
Appeal to Popularity Fallacy - ANSWER Enforcing conformity, social
desirability as most people approve that it is the right thing to do
E.g. dressing girls in pink and boys blue
Appeal to Common Practice Fallacy - ANSWER Other people do it, therefore
it is acceptable.
E.g. everyone cheats so it's okay if I cheat
Appeal to Tradition Fallacy - ANSWER Arguing that a practice or policy is
good because people have followed it for a long time.
E.g. monarchy being the best form of gov
False Dilemma Fallacy - ANSWER An argument where there are a limited
amount of answers so you have to choose one to be correct meaning the
other is wrong. When they could be both wrong.
E.g. you're with us or you're against us
, Misleading Vividness Fallacy - ANSWER Describing dramatic events as if they
are an indication of something common
E.g Benefit Fraud - in reality is small percentage of pop but media describes
as crippling to UK - Click Bait
Post Hoc Fallacy - ANSWER False assumption that because one event
occurred before another event, it must have caused that event.
E.g. child gets MMR vaccine and got autism
Critical Thinking - ANSWER Has much in common with Scientific Thinking -
use of evidence and logical reasoning
Halpern 4 Stage Model for teaching Critical Thinking - ANSWER - Attitude
- Instruction and Practice
- Activities Facilitating Transfer of Skills
- Metacognition - assessing skills
Analogical Reasoning - ANSWER Seeing the shape of a problem from one
area and shaping it to another. If we identify analogies between problems
they can be altered.
6 Everyday Thinking Errors - ANSWER - Conformation Bias
- Stereotypes
- Biases of Probability
- Base Rate Probably
- Randomness
