HS210 Final Exam Questions/Answer Graded A+ 2025/2026
Physical therapy - A patient comes into the office with a specific uncommon injury and
this injury may be not comprehensively understood by the group of PT practitioners at
that specific clinic. Therefore, **in order to develop an effective, evidenced based PT
treatment plan, the PT practitioner may have to research the available literature specific
to the given injury. ** This will give the practitioner a sense of effective OR ineffective
treatment plans for this specific injury. With a thorough review of the available literature
on this specific topic, the practitioner can develop an evidenced based treatment plan
specific to the individual's needs.
medicine - A doctor wants to know whether administering a given treatment
regimen/protocol will be effective. S/he may be interested in performing a clinical trial to
assess the regimen/protocol's effectiveness in reducing the burden of a given
disease/injury. **It is critical to have a comprehensive review of literature in order to
support the initial decision to test this new treatment. Has this treatment been studied?
If so, to what capacity?** By who (organization)? Thorough analysis of the literature will
help the doctor/research team develop and support the clinical trial.
Example - hernia repairs laparoscopic vs. open repair
global health - Prior to developing a research question it is **important to know whether
this question had already been asked and at what capacity the question had been
analyzed**. For example, performing a global level literature review at WHO to identify
gaps in research on Access to Medicines in Low and Middle Income countries. The
results of this lit review help direct research questions to areas that are often
overlooked/understudied in access to medicines in LMICs.
Example - in Ethiopia you have to bring your own medicines to the hospital
Nursing - Since research is continuously conducted, practice of a given treatment may
be modified in accordance with the literature. For example, a nurse may be trained to
treat a given illness with a specific treatment plan during Nursing school. However, once
this nurse is practicing, s/he may alter his/her treatment plan given the available
research. **A purpose of research is to continuously improve existing practices.
Therefore, practitioners, such as nurses must stay up to date with current literature and
be able to adapt practices when necessary.**
Example - prevention of falls/infection
--How should patients be transferred to minimize their risk of falling?
Health Administration - May be interested in improving current administrative processes.
For example a health administrator may be interested in **decreasing emergency room
waiting times. Being able to effectively dissect the current literature specific to this topic
will help direct this administer understand tested methods to reduce emergency room
waiting times**. After reviewing the literature, the health administer can make
recommendations to the hospital so that emergency room waiting times are reduced.
--What does the evidence say about how to decrease patient wait times in the ED
,Dentistry - Oral Health: A dentist may have to make a decision between two treatments
for a given patient. As with most treatment plans, it is important that this patient strictly
follow the treatment recommendation. ** The dentist may want to review literature
available that assesses patient compliance of these two treatments to determine which
treatment recommendation to provide for the given patient.** Choosing the treatment
plan with higher patient compliance will more likely lead to better results of the patient.
Example - How frequently should you brush your teeth?
--A patient asks how many times they should brush their teeth in one day? what does
the literature say?
The importance of research and information literacy - doctors routinely ask about
seatbelt use
-it was less likely to be reported for adults injured in MVC, who were young, male, AA,
low SES, and passengers. While use of restraints should be encouraged for everyone,
efforts focused on these individuals could have the greatest impact
-this is the job of most health care workers
WHY information literacy? - -surrounded by an increasing amount of information in all
formats
-the amount of information available is going to continue to increase. The types of
technology used to access, manipulate, and create information will likewise expand
-not all information is created equal!**
An information literate student is able to... - -Determine the extent of information needed
-access the needed information effectively and efficiently
-Evaluate information and its sources critically
-Incorporate selected information into one's knowledge base
-Use information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose
*understand the economic, legal, and social issues surrounding the use of information,
and access and use information, and access and use information ethically and legally
Information literate students know... - -information is formally and informally produced,
organized and disseminated
-knowledge can be organized into disciplines that influence the way information is
accessed
-the value and differences of potential resources in a variety of formats (multimedia,
data set, etc)
-the purpose and audience of potential resources
-difference between primary and secondary sources, recognizing how their use and
importance vary with each discipline
-information may need to be constructed with raw data from primary sources
how is information produced and disseminated? - formally and informally
formal research - scientific method
-develop a hypothesis
, -conduct research using random sampling
-it is objective as you accept or reject your hypothesis
informal research - -nonscientific
-looks at values or qualities
-subjective
-good way to gather preliminary data
-findings cannot be projected to represent an entire audience or population
-can lead to formal research
dissemination - -underlying reason to gain and disseminate new research-based
information is to assure it is appropriately considered for use in reaching decisions,
makinbg changes, or taking other specific actions designed to improve outcomes
-centers on the publication of results in peer reviewed journals
-BUT also includes tailored messages for specific audiences
-aka: knowledge translation, knowledge transfer and exchange (KTE) and knowledge
brokering
are dietary supplements bad?--example study - -supplemental vitamin C as a smoker to
improve health
-participants taking supplement smoked more
-illusory invulnerability reducing the self-regulation of cigarette smoking
-false advertising!!
purpose and audience ex. - scholarly research = journal articles
popular = magazine articles
primary source - allows you to get as close as possible to original ideas
-includes interviews, research articles, and opinions
secondary source - -summarizes information in primary resources
-includes magazine articles, encyclopedias, commentaries
tertiary sources - -provides an overview of topics by synthesizing info from other
sources
-includes databases, bibliographies
when to construct data - -local problem, not enough information
-difficulty finding information sources
-answerable problem
-have time and resources to complete
-no other means to locate the information
i.e. hernia study
Information Literacy and Healthcare Practice and Research - -how healthcare
professionals use research is beneficial to patients (i.e. seatbelt example)
Physical therapy - A patient comes into the office with a specific uncommon injury and
this injury may be not comprehensively understood by the group of PT practitioners at
that specific clinic. Therefore, **in order to develop an effective, evidenced based PT
treatment plan, the PT practitioner may have to research the available literature specific
to the given injury. ** This will give the practitioner a sense of effective OR ineffective
treatment plans for this specific injury. With a thorough review of the available literature
on this specific topic, the practitioner can develop an evidenced based treatment plan
specific to the individual's needs.
medicine - A doctor wants to know whether administering a given treatment
regimen/protocol will be effective. S/he may be interested in performing a clinical trial to
assess the regimen/protocol's effectiveness in reducing the burden of a given
disease/injury. **It is critical to have a comprehensive review of literature in order to
support the initial decision to test this new treatment. Has this treatment been studied?
If so, to what capacity?** By who (organization)? Thorough analysis of the literature will
help the doctor/research team develop and support the clinical trial.
Example - hernia repairs laparoscopic vs. open repair
global health - Prior to developing a research question it is **important to know whether
this question had already been asked and at what capacity the question had been
analyzed**. For example, performing a global level literature review at WHO to identify
gaps in research on Access to Medicines in Low and Middle Income countries. The
results of this lit review help direct research questions to areas that are often
overlooked/understudied in access to medicines in LMICs.
Example - in Ethiopia you have to bring your own medicines to the hospital
Nursing - Since research is continuously conducted, practice of a given treatment may
be modified in accordance with the literature. For example, a nurse may be trained to
treat a given illness with a specific treatment plan during Nursing school. However, once
this nurse is practicing, s/he may alter his/her treatment plan given the available
research. **A purpose of research is to continuously improve existing practices.
Therefore, practitioners, such as nurses must stay up to date with current literature and
be able to adapt practices when necessary.**
Example - prevention of falls/infection
--How should patients be transferred to minimize their risk of falling?
Health Administration - May be interested in improving current administrative processes.
For example a health administrator may be interested in **decreasing emergency room
waiting times. Being able to effectively dissect the current literature specific to this topic
will help direct this administer understand tested methods to reduce emergency room
waiting times**. After reviewing the literature, the health administer can make
recommendations to the hospital so that emergency room waiting times are reduced.
--What does the evidence say about how to decrease patient wait times in the ED
,Dentistry - Oral Health: A dentist may have to make a decision between two treatments
for a given patient. As with most treatment plans, it is important that this patient strictly
follow the treatment recommendation. ** The dentist may want to review literature
available that assesses patient compliance of these two treatments to determine which
treatment recommendation to provide for the given patient.** Choosing the treatment
plan with higher patient compliance will more likely lead to better results of the patient.
Example - How frequently should you brush your teeth?
--A patient asks how many times they should brush their teeth in one day? what does
the literature say?
The importance of research and information literacy - doctors routinely ask about
seatbelt use
-it was less likely to be reported for adults injured in MVC, who were young, male, AA,
low SES, and passengers. While use of restraints should be encouraged for everyone,
efforts focused on these individuals could have the greatest impact
-this is the job of most health care workers
WHY information literacy? - -surrounded by an increasing amount of information in all
formats
-the amount of information available is going to continue to increase. The types of
technology used to access, manipulate, and create information will likewise expand
-not all information is created equal!**
An information literate student is able to... - -Determine the extent of information needed
-access the needed information effectively and efficiently
-Evaluate information and its sources critically
-Incorporate selected information into one's knowledge base
-Use information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose
*understand the economic, legal, and social issues surrounding the use of information,
and access and use information, and access and use information ethically and legally
Information literate students know... - -information is formally and informally produced,
organized and disseminated
-knowledge can be organized into disciplines that influence the way information is
accessed
-the value and differences of potential resources in a variety of formats (multimedia,
data set, etc)
-the purpose and audience of potential resources
-difference between primary and secondary sources, recognizing how their use and
importance vary with each discipline
-information may need to be constructed with raw data from primary sources
how is information produced and disseminated? - formally and informally
formal research - scientific method
-develop a hypothesis
, -conduct research using random sampling
-it is objective as you accept or reject your hypothesis
informal research - -nonscientific
-looks at values or qualities
-subjective
-good way to gather preliminary data
-findings cannot be projected to represent an entire audience or population
-can lead to formal research
dissemination - -underlying reason to gain and disseminate new research-based
information is to assure it is appropriately considered for use in reaching decisions,
makinbg changes, or taking other specific actions designed to improve outcomes
-centers on the publication of results in peer reviewed journals
-BUT also includes tailored messages for specific audiences
-aka: knowledge translation, knowledge transfer and exchange (KTE) and knowledge
brokering
are dietary supplements bad?--example study - -supplemental vitamin C as a smoker to
improve health
-participants taking supplement smoked more
-illusory invulnerability reducing the self-regulation of cigarette smoking
-false advertising!!
purpose and audience ex. - scholarly research = journal articles
popular = magazine articles
primary source - allows you to get as close as possible to original ideas
-includes interviews, research articles, and opinions
secondary source - -summarizes information in primary resources
-includes magazine articles, encyclopedias, commentaries
tertiary sources - -provides an overview of topics by synthesizing info from other
sources
-includes databases, bibliographies
when to construct data - -local problem, not enough information
-difficulty finding information sources
-answerable problem
-have time and resources to complete
-no other means to locate the information
i.e. hernia study
Information Literacy and Healthcare Practice and Research - -how healthcare
professionals use research is beneficial to patients (i.e. seatbelt example)
