HOORCOLLEGES SELF-REGULATION
Lecture 1: introduction to Self-Regulation
Self-Regulation is related to:
- Being abe to transcend immediate temptations in service in long-term
goal
- Will-power, Self-control, Delay of gratification, Motivation, Goals,
Habits, Emotion regulation, Self-management, Impulse control,
Inhibition
Self-regulation refers to the self’s capacity to alter its behavior in
accordance to certain standards, ideals or goals either stemming from
internal or societal expectations.
Goal setting, goal striving and dealing with frustration and distraction
→self-regulation isn’t so easy as goals (by definition) refer to a future
desired state that isn’t
so obvious.
- Discrepancy between current and desired state is uncomfortable and
motivates action (under certain conditions)
It is about trying to steer your behavior in accordance with a personal goal
or standard - which is not so easy, such an example could be saving
money versus buying nice shoes. Self-regulation is related to being able to
transcend immediate temptations in service of a long-term goal.
- ‘Why don’t we do what we want to do - even though we really want to
do it?’
Self-regulation: success vs. failure – it is very important
- Good self-regulation relates to: success in school, work, relationships,
good physical and mental health
- Bad self-regulation (can be a) predictor of: abuse of drugs/alcohol,
violence, crime, eating disorders, underachievement in school, STD’s,
anger control problems, etc.
Conflict plays central role
Without goals no conflict and no self-regulation:
- Someone who doesn’t care about a slim weight doesn’t experience
conflict when encountering a chocolate cake.
- Someone who doesn’t like beer isn’t a smart self-regulator when (s)he
refrains from drinking.
Foundation of self-regulation theory
‘Cognitive revolution’ response to behaviorism (simple stimulus-response
associations):
- Interpretation of the stimulus and mental representations.
→is related to short-term goals (temptations) as ‘I want to eat that
chocolate cake now’
, versus long-term goals (future plans) as in ‘Too many kcal, so I don't
want to eat it now’
- Comparison with a thermostat,
monitoring process, operating process
TOTE
Test Representation of problem
state (identify standard)
Operate Intervene in some way
Test To see if the desired result
again has been achieved. If not,
loop back to operate.
Exit Problem solved
Identify goal (standard) → Experience discrepancy (motivates) → Efforts to
reduce discrepancy → Monitoring process towards goal
Discrepancy
When discrepancy is disposed, then the present state falls short of the
ideal state. Discrepancy creates the sense of wanting to change the
present state so that it’ll move closer and closer towards the ideal state.
- Present state represents the person’s current status of how life is going.
- Ideal state represents how the person wishes life was going
Hier moet nog een slide
Person is making satisfactory progress toward reducing present - ideal
state discrepancy, then you get positive emotions, such as hope,
excitement, eagerness, enthusiasm.
Person is making unsatisfactory progress toward reducing present - ideal
state discrepancy, then you get negative emotions, such as frustration,
irritation, anxiety → progress is worse than what is needed. These first 3
negative emotions facilitate discrepancy reduction (= people working
harder).
- progress is more than worse, means you also get sadness, depression,
despair.
TOTE (L1) is important, but many other perspectives
- Goals systems theory (L2)
,- Resource model (L3), paper threat number 6
- Process model of self-control (L3,5): intervening earlier is more
effective than later
- Dual systems models (L7)
- Models of impulsivity: personality model, focus on trait rather than
state (not important)
- Choice models: self-control as decision making process (not important)
Self-determination theory (Deci & Ryans)
Plaatje toevoegen voor self-determination theory + aanvullen
Two types of self-regulation
1. Autonomous self-regulation: Behavior, emotions or cognitions are
regulated for a reason that a person values, finds meaningful and
wholly endorse. Regulate behavior yourself.
- Energizes: no depletion
2. Controlled self-regulation: Regulation is dominated by internal /
external pressure. E.g. what your parents / peers want you to do.
- More difficult: requires more effort; depletes → costs energy.
Needs
Needs are inborn necessities rather than acquired motives, such as food
and clothes needed to survive. Self-regulation of behaviour that
contributes to intrinsic needs is not / less exhausting. For example,
sleeping when you feel sleepy (biological need) is easy.
Basic needs
1. Motivate behaviour: ‘arouses an action toward a goal, giving purpose
and direction to behaviour.’
2. Are critical for survival
- Biological needs: hunger, thirst, sex and sleep
- Psychological needs: autonomy, competence, relatedness
→Competence = the need to be effective in interactions with the
environment.
→Autonomy = the need to experience self-direction, then personal
endorsement in the initiation and regulation of one’s behaviour.
→Relatedness = the need to establish those emotional bonds and
attachments with other people and this desire to be connected
emotionally and to be personally involved in warm relationships.
- And maybe even social needs {implicit motives}: achievement,
affiliation, power
Needs motivate people in a certain way. Much of the focus of SDT theory
lies on types of motivation that is derived from needs: needs motivate
behaviour to fulfill those needs
- Even when motivation is high, self-regulation tools are needed to
translate motivation into action.
, 7 deadly threats to self-regulation
1. Cue exposure and impulse control
2. Emotional & social distress
3. Lapse-activated patterns and abstinence violations
4. Impairments of self-monitoring & self-awareness
- Self-awareness pronounces discrepancy, relates to SR-succes. But
what is the self? Sensitivity for biases
5. Influence of other people
- Catalyst for failure (deindividuation, mimicry, changed norms,
reduced self-awareness)
6. Self-regulatory resource depletion
7. Alcohol intoxication: large cause of relapse
- Psychologically: reduced self-awareness or narrowing attention →
‘double whammy of impairment’
What should you know?
- What is self-regulation
- What is the foundation of self-regulation theory?
- What are the different self-regulation models?
- What undermines self-regulation
- How do needs rtelate to motivation, goals, and self-regulation
- Why are goals essential for self-regulation
- How is motivation different form self-regulation
Lecture 1: introduction to Self-Regulation
Self-Regulation is related to:
- Being abe to transcend immediate temptations in service in long-term
goal
- Will-power, Self-control, Delay of gratification, Motivation, Goals,
Habits, Emotion regulation, Self-management, Impulse control,
Inhibition
Self-regulation refers to the self’s capacity to alter its behavior in
accordance to certain standards, ideals or goals either stemming from
internal or societal expectations.
Goal setting, goal striving and dealing with frustration and distraction
→self-regulation isn’t so easy as goals (by definition) refer to a future
desired state that isn’t
so obvious.
- Discrepancy between current and desired state is uncomfortable and
motivates action (under certain conditions)
It is about trying to steer your behavior in accordance with a personal goal
or standard - which is not so easy, such an example could be saving
money versus buying nice shoes. Self-regulation is related to being able to
transcend immediate temptations in service of a long-term goal.
- ‘Why don’t we do what we want to do - even though we really want to
do it?’
Self-regulation: success vs. failure – it is very important
- Good self-regulation relates to: success in school, work, relationships,
good physical and mental health
- Bad self-regulation (can be a) predictor of: abuse of drugs/alcohol,
violence, crime, eating disorders, underachievement in school, STD’s,
anger control problems, etc.
Conflict plays central role
Without goals no conflict and no self-regulation:
- Someone who doesn’t care about a slim weight doesn’t experience
conflict when encountering a chocolate cake.
- Someone who doesn’t like beer isn’t a smart self-regulator when (s)he
refrains from drinking.
Foundation of self-regulation theory
‘Cognitive revolution’ response to behaviorism (simple stimulus-response
associations):
- Interpretation of the stimulus and mental representations.
→is related to short-term goals (temptations) as ‘I want to eat that
chocolate cake now’
, versus long-term goals (future plans) as in ‘Too many kcal, so I don't
want to eat it now’
- Comparison with a thermostat,
monitoring process, operating process
TOTE
Test Representation of problem
state (identify standard)
Operate Intervene in some way
Test To see if the desired result
again has been achieved. If not,
loop back to operate.
Exit Problem solved
Identify goal (standard) → Experience discrepancy (motivates) → Efforts to
reduce discrepancy → Monitoring process towards goal
Discrepancy
When discrepancy is disposed, then the present state falls short of the
ideal state. Discrepancy creates the sense of wanting to change the
present state so that it’ll move closer and closer towards the ideal state.
- Present state represents the person’s current status of how life is going.
- Ideal state represents how the person wishes life was going
Hier moet nog een slide
Person is making satisfactory progress toward reducing present - ideal
state discrepancy, then you get positive emotions, such as hope,
excitement, eagerness, enthusiasm.
Person is making unsatisfactory progress toward reducing present - ideal
state discrepancy, then you get negative emotions, such as frustration,
irritation, anxiety → progress is worse than what is needed. These first 3
negative emotions facilitate discrepancy reduction (= people working
harder).
- progress is more than worse, means you also get sadness, depression,
despair.
TOTE (L1) is important, but many other perspectives
- Goals systems theory (L2)
,- Resource model (L3), paper threat number 6
- Process model of self-control (L3,5): intervening earlier is more
effective than later
- Dual systems models (L7)
- Models of impulsivity: personality model, focus on trait rather than
state (not important)
- Choice models: self-control as decision making process (not important)
Self-determination theory (Deci & Ryans)
Plaatje toevoegen voor self-determination theory + aanvullen
Two types of self-regulation
1. Autonomous self-regulation: Behavior, emotions or cognitions are
regulated for a reason that a person values, finds meaningful and
wholly endorse. Regulate behavior yourself.
- Energizes: no depletion
2. Controlled self-regulation: Regulation is dominated by internal /
external pressure. E.g. what your parents / peers want you to do.
- More difficult: requires more effort; depletes → costs energy.
Needs
Needs are inborn necessities rather than acquired motives, such as food
and clothes needed to survive. Self-regulation of behaviour that
contributes to intrinsic needs is not / less exhausting. For example,
sleeping when you feel sleepy (biological need) is easy.
Basic needs
1. Motivate behaviour: ‘arouses an action toward a goal, giving purpose
and direction to behaviour.’
2. Are critical for survival
- Biological needs: hunger, thirst, sex and sleep
- Psychological needs: autonomy, competence, relatedness
→Competence = the need to be effective in interactions with the
environment.
→Autonomy = the need to experience self-direction, then personal
endorsement in the initiation and regulation of one’s behaviour.
→Relatedness = the need to establish those emotional bonds and
attachments with other people and this desire to be connected
emotionally and to be personally involved in warm relationships.
- And maybe even social needs {implicit motives}: achievement,
affiliation, power
Needs motivate people in a certain way. Much of the focus of SDT theory
lies on types of motivation that is derived from needs: needs motivate
behaviour to fulfill those needs
- Even when motivation is high, self-regulation tools are needed to
translate motivation into action.
, 7 deadly threats to self-regulation
1. Cue exposure and impulse control
2. Emotional & social distress
3. Lapse-activated patterns and abstinence violations
4. Impairments of self-monitoring & self-awareness
- Self-awareness pronounces discrepancy, relates to SR-succes. But
what is the self? Sensitivity for biases
5. Influence of other people
- Catalyst for failure (deindividuation, mimicry, changed norms,
reduced self-awareness)
6. Self-regulatory resource depletion
7. Alcohol intoxication: large cause of relapse
- Psychologically: reduced self-awareness or narrowing attention →
‘double whammy of impairment’
What should you know?
- What is self-regulation
- What is the foundation of self-regulation theory?
- What are the different self-regulation models?
- What undermines self-regulation
- How do needs rtelate to motivation, goals, and self-regulation
- Why are goals essential for self-regulation
- How is motivation different form self-regulation
