CHAPTER 1: Introduction and conceptualisation
OVERZICHT:
1. The concept (Offender) reintegration → What do you understand by (offender) reintegration?
2. Aims of reintegration → What are the aims of reintegration?
3. Parties → Which parties are involved in reintegration?
1. The concept (Offender) reintegration → What do you understand by (offender) reintegration?
—-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Similar, yet different ‘re-terms’
Rehabilitation = The process of helping a convicted person change their behavior, with the goal of a return to a
crime-free life
● Outcome (moment) / Process
● Focused on person / Focus on society
● Negative / Positive
● Broad / Narrow
Resettlement = The practical process of reinserting a former inmate into society, including finding employment,
housing and access to basic services after release.
● Outcome (moment) / Process
● Focused on person / Focus on society
● Negative / Positive
Reintegration = The process by which a former inmate is reintegrated into society, with the goal of full participation
without relapse into criminal behavior.
● Outcome (moment) / Process
● Focused on person / Focus on society
● Negative / Positive
● Broad / Narrow
Recidivism = Returning to criminal behavior by a person who has been previously convicted
● Outcome (moment) / Process
● Focused on person / Focus on society
● Negative / Positive
Resocialisation = The process by which a person re-learns social norms and values necessary to function successfully
in society
● Outcome (moment) / Process
● Focused on person / Focus on society
● Negative / Positive
Release = The formal release of a person from a penal institution
● Outcome (moment) / Process
● Focused on person / Focus on society
● Negative / Positive
Reentry = The process by which a former inmate returns to society after release
● Outcome (moment) / Process
● Focused on person / Focus on society
● Negative / Positive
● Broad / Narrow
1
, 2. The Triple R Model (Gideon, 2011)
—-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Rehabilitation
(Correctional) rehabilitation: (Interventions aimed at) changing how offenders think, feel or behave
● The forensic-psychological concept of rehabilitation is based on the medical model encompassing1 assessment2,
management, and treatment
● Focus: The individual and the risk of offenders
● Aim: Reducing recidivism
○ Individualized → it focuses on intrinsic aspects of the individual without considering or addressing the
wider context (eg, social and structural causes)
1
Omvat
2
Beoordeling
2
, 2 important models
Risk - Need - Responsivity Good Lives Model
“RNR” “GLM”
Description Author: Andrews and Bonta (1990) Author: Ward (2002)
Remarks: Remarks:
● Focus on safety (recidivism) ● Focus on well-being
● Individual centered ● Holistic approach
Principles: ○ More expansive (both in it aims and in its approach) then
● Risk → “Who to target” RNR-model
○ = Treatment intensity should be matched to the risk level ● Non-specific: General model of healthy human functioning
of offenders ○ Not a treatment model nor a theory of offending
General assumptions:
● Offenders, like all other people, strive to lead ‘good lives’
characterised by happiness, good education, a decent job,
friendship, a sense of belonging, …
○ = Primary goods → 11
○ The rule:
Minimal treatment Intensive treatment
Low risk level Recidivism ↘ Recidivism ↗
High risk level Recidivism ↗ Recidivism ↘
● Need → “What to target”
○ = Interventions should target dynamic risk factors
(criminogenic needs)
○ 8 main risk factors:
● Offending occurs when the individual lacks the capabilities to
attain these ‘primary human goods’ in a prosocial manner
○ It is the means by which these legitimate goals are
achieved that is problematic (instrumental goods)
■ Criminal behavior represents a maladaptive
way (instrumental goods) to secure primary
goods
Primary good Instrumental good
Inner peace Abusing drugs or alcohol (to relieve
internal stress)
Relatedness Intimate relationship with children (to
achieve bonds)
Agency Manipulations or coercing (to feel in
control)
○ Criticism:
■Criminal history: Static risk factor (not Spirituality Extremist or terrorist affiliations (to have a
meaning in life)
changeable through intervention)
■ Narrowly focused on the individual
● No social, context factors (eg. Work Illegal professions of drug dealing of fraud
(to feel accomplished)
poverty or stigma, exvclusion ….)
● Responsivity → “How to deliver / intervene”
○ = Modality of interventions to match the prisoner’s
individual characteristics ● Rehabilitation focuses on the enhancement of offenders’
○ 2 aspects: capabilities to effectively secure their primary human goods,
■ General: Cognitive-behavioral and social without harming others
learning interventions
● eg. CBT → unlearn bad behavior, ○ That is, equipping them with the necessary knowledge,
thoughts… skills, opportunities, and resources to lead prosocial and
● Positive effects meaningful lives
■ Specific: Tailored to motivation, intelligence,
● GLM advocates for a dual emphasis on both goods promotion and
gender, ethnicity, …
risk reduction
Quality: Disappointing conclusion for RNR
● The prevalent poor quality evidence and identified biases suggests
that higher quality research is needed to determine whether current
RNR claims of being evidence-based are justified.
3
, Focus Risk-based (suppress) Strengths-based (build)
Target Criminogenic needs (risk factors) Primary goods
Objective Management of risk (prevention recidivism) Life enhancement
Well-being Secondary: Does not necessarily reduces criminal behavior Essential: Increased well-being reduces criminal behavior
Offenders - Different in many ways Fundamentally the same
Non-offenders ● eg. Cognition and personality ● Universal underlying values
Motivation Appeals to external motivation Appeals to intrinsic motivation
● Contingencies ● Relatedness, autonomy, competency
Model ⇒ Reductionistic ⇒ Comprehensive
⇒ Piecemeal ⇒ Integrated
⇒ Parsimonious ⇒ All-inclusive
⇒ Clear and efficient ⇒ Complex and excessive
Specificity Specific: Applicable to criminal and antisocial behavior Non-specific: Applicable to all aspects of people’s life
Application Rigid: One-size-fits-all, manualised application Flexible: Individually addressed, sensitive to the individual
2. Reentry
Reentry: Narrowly speaking, reentry comes the day one is released from prison
● Refers to the physical relocation with all its social and psychological demands that most released prisoners have to
confront and manage
● The offender ‘re-enters’ society
● Precursor to successful community reintegration
● Event (moment) / (natural) Process
3. Reintegration
Reintegration: More broadly, a long-term process, one that starts prior to release and continues well afterwards
● Gideon (2011): It is the continuation of the rehabilitation process and it underpins the reentry process
○ Functional aspect
○ Transition from incarceration to the community
● It allows people to re-establish economic, social and psychological relationships
○ Its concerned with issues such as income, employment, housing, social capital, and stigma
● Necessary interaction:
○ The person who is returning to the community
○ The environment of the person who is returning
■ Individual level: Support by family and household
■ Community level:
● (Increase) social links with the community
● Denotes social inclusion or membership of the community
■ Structural level: Ensuring access to adequate social services that allow for a dignified existence
● Contrary to rehabilitation, reintegration is usually followed by the word ‘within’ or ‘into’, which indicates a belonging to
something bigger and more structural than the individual
4
OVERZICHT:
1. The concept (Offender) reintegration → What do you understand by (offender) reintegration?
2. Aims of reintegration → What are the aims of reintegration?
3. Parties → Which parties are involved in reintegration?
1. The concept (Offender) reintegration → What do you understand by (offender) reintegration?
—-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Similar, yet different ‘re-terms’
Rehabilitation = The process of helping a convicted person change their behavior, with the goal of a return to a
crime-free life
● Outcome (moment) / Process
● Focused on person / Focus on society
● Negative / Positive
● Broad / Narrow
Resettlement = The practical process of reinserting a former inmate into society, including finding employment,
housing and access to basic services after release.
● Outcome (moment) / Process
● Focused on person / Focus on society
● Negative / Positive
Reintegration = The process by which a former inmate is reintegrated into society, with the goal of full participation
without relapse into criminal behavior.
● Outcome (moment) / Process
● Focused on person / Focus on society
● Negative / Positive
● Broad / Narrow
Recidivism = Returning to criminal behavior by a person who has been previously convicted
● Outcome (moment) / Process
● Focused on person / Focus on society
● Negative / Positive
Resocialisation = The process by which a person re-learns social norms and values necessary to function successfully
in society
● Outcome (moment) / Process
● Focused on person / Focus on society
● Negative / Positive
Release = The formal release of a person from a penal institution
● Outcome (moment) / Process
● Focused on person / Focus on society
● Negative / Positive
Reentry = The process by which a former inmate returns to society after release
● Outcome (moment) / Process
● Focused on person / Focus on society
● Negative / Positive
● Broad / Narrow
1
, 2. The Triple R Model (Gideon, 2011)
—-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Rehabilitation
(Correctional) rehabilitation: (Interventions aimed at) changing how offenders think, feel or behave
● The forensic-psychological concept of rehabilitation is based on the medical model encompassing1 assessment2,
management, and treatment
● Focus: The individual and the risk of offenders
● Aim: Reducing recidivism
○ Individualized → it focuses on intrinsic aspects of the individual without considering or addressing the
wider context (eg, social and structural causes)
1
Omvat
2
Beoordeling
2
, 2 important models
Risk - Need - Responsivity Good Lives Model
“RNR” “GLM”
Description Author: Andrews and Bonta (1990) Author: Ward (2002)
Remarks: Remarks:
● Focus on safety (recidivism) ● Focus on well-being
● Individual centered ● Holistic approach
Principles: ○ More expansive (both in it aims and in its approach) then
● Risk → “Who to target” RNR-model
○ = Treatment intensity should be matched to the risk level ● Non-specific: General model of healthy human functioning
of offenders ○ Not a treatment model nor a theory of offending
General assumptions:
● Offenders, like all other people, strive to lead ‘good lives’
characterised by happiness, good education, a decent job,
friendship, a sense of belonging, …
○ = Primary goods → 11
○ The rule:
Minimal treatment Intensive treatment
Low risk level Recidivism ↘ Recidivism ↗
High risk level Recidivism ↗ Recidivism ↘
● Need → “What to target”
○ = Interventions should target dynamic risk factors
(criminogenic needs)
○ 8 main risk factors:
● Offending occurs when the individual lacks the capabilities to
attain these ‘primary human goods’ in a prosocial manner
○ It is the means by which these legitimate goals are
achieved that is problematic (instrumental goods)
■ Criminal behavior represents a maladaptive
way (instrumental goods) to secure primary
goods
Primary good Instrumental good
Inner peace Abusing drugs or alcohol (to relieve
internal stress)
Relatedness Intimate relationship with children (to
achieve bonds)
Agency Manipulations or coercing (to feel in
control)
○ Criticism:
■Criminal history: Static risk factor (not Spirituality Extremist or terrorist affiliations (to have a
meaning in life)
changeable through intervention)
■ Narrowly focused on the individual
● No social, context factors (eg. Work Illegal professions of drug dealing of fraud
(to feel accomplished)
poverty or stigma, exvclusion ….)
● Responsivity → “How to deliver / intervene”
○ = Modality of interventions to match the prisoner’s
individual characteristics ● Rehabilitation focuses on the enhancement of offenders’
○ 2 aspects: capabilities to effectively secure their primary human goods,
■ General: Cognitive-behavioral and social without harming others
learning interventions
● eg. CBT → unlearn bad behavior, ○ That is, equipping them with the necessary knowledge,
thoughts… skills, opportunities, and resources to lead prosocial and
● Positive effects meaningful lives
■ Specific: Tailored to motivation, intelligence,
● GLM advocates for a dual emphasis on both goods promotion and
gender, ethnicity, …
risk reduction
Quality: Disappointing conclusion for RNR
● The prevalent poor quality evidence and identified biases suggests
that higher quality research is needed to determine whether current
RNR claims of being evidence-based are justified.
3
, Focus Risk-based (suppress) Strengths-based (build)
Target Criminogenic needs (risk factors) Primary goods
Objective Management of risk (prevention recidivism) Life enhancement
Well-being Secondary: Does not necessarily reduces criminal behavior Essential: Increased well-being reduces criminal behavior
Offenders - Different in many ways Fundamentally the same
Non-offenders ● eg. Cognition and personality ● Universal underlying values
Motivation Appeals to external motivation Appeals to intrinsic motivation
● Contingencies ● Relatedness, autonomy, competency
Model ⇒ Reductionistic ⇒ Comprehensive
⇒ Piecemeal ⇒ Integrated
⇒ Parsimonious ⇒ All-inclusive
⇒ Clear and efficient ⇒ Complex and excessive
Specificity Specific: Applicable to criminal and antisocial behavior Non-specific: Applicable to all aspects of people’s life
Application Rigid: One-size-fits-all, manualised application Flexible: Individually addressed, sensitive to the individual
2. Reentry
Reentry: Narrowly speaking, reentry comes the day one is released from prison
● Refers to the physical relocation with all its social and psychological demands that most released prisoners have to
confront and manage
● The offender ‘re-enters’ society
● Precursor to successful community reintegration
● Event (moment) / (natural) Process
3. Reintegration
Reintegration: More broadly, a long-term process, one that starts prior to release and continues well afterwards
● Gideon (2011): It is the continuation of the rehabilitation process and it underpins the reentry process
○ Functional aspect
○ Transition from incarceration to the community
● It allows people to re-establish economic, social and psychological relationships
○ Its concerned with issues such as income, employment, housing, social capital, and stigma
● Necessary interaction:
○ The person who is returning to the community
○ The environment of the person who is returning
■ Individual level: Support by family and household
■ Community level:
● (Increase) social links with the community
● Denotes social inclusion or membership of the community
■ Structural level: Ensuring access to adequate social services that allow for a dignified existence
● Contrary to rehabilitation, reintegration is usually followed by the word ‘within’ or ‘into’, which indicates a belonging to
something bigger and more structural than the individual
4
