CCNM BAS209 Pharmacology Pre-Midterm Qs
100% Verified!!
What is the pKa of a drug? - ANSWER>>The pH at which the drug is 50% ionized
and 50% non-iodized (aka equal deprotonated and protonated forms of the drug)
For drugs to be absorbed, do we want them charged or uncharged? -
ANSWER>>Uncharged
What is the pH of the stomach vs. the small intestine? - ANSWER>>Stomach: pH
around 1
Small intestine: neutral pH around 7
You develop a drug and decide to name it BLACKPINK. BLACKPINK has a pKa of
3. Would it be better absorbed in the stomach or small intestine? - ANSWER>>It
would be better absorbed in the stomach because the stomach has a pKa of 1
and so we would have 100X more HA than A-. Remember that non-charged drugs
are better absorbed.
You develop a drug and name it LOONA. LOONA has a pKa of 10 (because the
LOONA girls are 10/10). Is it better absorbed in the stomach or small intestine? -
ANSWER>>It is better absorbed in the small intestine because more of it will be
the in uncharged state.
Note: bases higher than the environment pH still have more charged compounds
than uncharged
,What percentage of intravenously administered drugs is bioavailable? -
ANSWER>>100% baby
What is the difference between a LOW volume of distribution and a HIGH volume
of distribution? - ANSWER>>Low Vd: drug is highly contained in the vascular
compartment
High Vd: drug is not highly contained in the vascular compartment lol
Explain the difference between drugs with a Vd of approximately 42 and those
drugs with Vd greater than 42 - ANSWER>>~42: suggests the drug distributes to
the intracellular fluid
>42: suggests the drug is concentrated intracellularly
What is the first pass effect? - ANSWER>>After oral administration, many drugs
are absorbed intact from the small intestine and transported first via the portal
system to the liver, where they undergo extensive metabolism, therefore usually
decreasing the bioavailability of certain oral medications.
Try sublingual or up the bum to reduce this effect
Explain the differences between zero order kinetics and first order kinetics for
elimination - ANSWER>>Zero order kinetics: linear eg. 5 mmol/L lost per hour
First order kinetics: half life eg. 50% of drug remains after 1 hr
Several protein pumps are present in this part of the nephron which aid in drug
elimination - ANSWER>>Proximal tubule
This site of the nephron allows passive transfer of drugs that are lipid soluble -
ANSWER>>Distal tubule
, In terms of potency, what is the ED50? - ANSWER>>The concentration of the
drug that produces a response in 50% of individuals
In terms of potency describe the dissociation constant (Kd) - ANSWER>>The
concentration of drug needed to saturate 50% of its receptors
The lower the Kd the greater affinity it has to the receptor
(Low Kd means less drug is required to fill receptors and therefore means more
affinity)
What is one way you can overcome a competitive inhibitor? - ANSWER>>Add
more of the drug
Does a super safe drug have a low or high therapeutic index? -
ANSWER>>Higher than a kite
The certain safety factor is a ratio of what? - ANSWER>>Ratio of LD1 and ED99
(LD1/ED99)
-Higher CSF = safer drug!
Name some changes that may affect drug responses in the elderly -
ANSWER>>1. Less albumin
2. Reduced lean body mass
3. Liver weight is reduced
4. Changes in CYP450
5. Kidney function is reduced, lower GFR
100% Verified!!
What is the pKa of a drug? - ANSWER>>The pH at which the drug is 50% ionized
and 50% non-iodized (aka equal deprotonated and protonated forms of the drug)
For drugs to be absorbed, do we want them charged or uncharged? -
ANSWER>>Uncharged
What is the pH of the stomach vs. the small intestine? - ANSWER>>Stomach: pH
around 1
Small intestine: neutral pH around 7
You develop a drug and decide to name it BLACKPINK. BLACKPINK has a pKa of
3. Would it be better absorbed in the stomach or small intestine? - ANSWER>>It
would be better absorbed in the stomach because the stomach has a pKa of 1
and so we would have 100X more HA than A-. Remember that non-charged drugs
are better absorbed.
You develop a drug and name it LOONA. LOONA has a pKa of 10 (because the
LOONA girls are 10/10). Is it better absorbed in the stomach or small intestine? -
ANSWER>>It is better absorbed in the small intestine because more of it will be
the in uncharged state.
Note: bases higher than the environment pH still have more charged compounds
than uncharged
,What percentage of intravenously administered drugs is bioavailable? -
ANSWER>>100% baby
What is the difference between a LOW volume of distribution and a HIGH volume
of distribution? - ANSWER>>Low Vd: drug is highly contained in the vascular
compartment
High Vd: drug is not highly contained in the vascular compartment lol
Explain the difference between drugs with a Vd of approximately 42 and those
drugs with Vd greater than 42 - ANSWER>>~42: suggests the drug distributes to
the intracellular fluid
>42: suggests the drug is concentrated intracellularly
What is the first pass effect? - ANSWER>>After oral administration, many drugs
are absorbed intact from the small intestine and transported first via the portal
system to the liver, where they undergo extensive metabolism, therefore usually
decreasing the bioavailability of certain oral medications.
Try sublingual or up the bum to reduce this effect
Explain the differences between zero order kinetics and first order kinetics for
elimination - ANSWER>>Zero order kinetics: linear eg. 5 mmol/L lost per hour
First order kinetics: half life eg. 50% of drug remains after 1 hr
Several protein pumps are present in this part of the nephron which aid in drug
elimination - ANSWER>>Proximal tubule
This site of the nephron allows passive transfer of drugs that are lipid soluble -
ANSWER>>Distal tubule
, In terms of potency, what is the ED50? - ANSWER>>The concentration of the
drug that produces a response in 50% of individuals
In terms of potency describe the dissociation constant (Kd) - ANSWER>>The
concentration of drug needed to saturate 50% of its receptors
The lower the Kd the greater affinity it has to the receptor
(Low Kd means less drug is required to fill receptors and therefore means more
affinity)
What is one way you can overcome a competitive inhibitor? - ANSWER>>Add
more of the drug
Does a super safe drug have a low or high therapeutic index? -
ANSWER>>Higher than a kite
The certain safety factor is a ratio of what? - ANSWER>>Ratio of LD1 and ED99
(LD1/ED99)
-Higher CSF = safer drug!
Name some changes that may affect drug responses in the elderly -
ANSWER>>1. Less albumin
2. Reduced lean body mass
3. Liver weight is reduced
4. Changes in CYP450
5. Kidney function is reduced, lower GFR
