MATH 225
Statistical Reasoning for the Health
Sciences
Comprehensive Midterm Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Which of the following is the best method to determine the
causality between an exposure and an outcome in a health study?
a) Case-Control Study
b) Cohort Study
c) Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
d) Cross-Sectional Study
ANS : c) Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
©2024/2025
, Rationale : RCTs are considered the gold standard for
establishing causality as they randomly allocate subjects to
treatment or control groups, minimizing bias and confounding.
2. In a study analyzing the effect of a new drug on blood pressure,
which statistical test would be most appropriate if the data is
normally distributed and compares two independent groups?
a) Chi-square Test
b) Paired t-test
c) Independent t-test
d) ANOVA
ANS : c) Independent t-test
Rationale : An independent t-test is used to compare the
means of two independent groups when the data is normally
distributed.
3. What does a p-value of 0.03 signify in the context of a clinical
trial?
a) The probability that the observed result is due to chance is
3%
b) The treatment is ineffective
c) The sample size is too small
©2024/2025
, d) There is a Type II error
ANS : a) The probability that the observed result is due to
chance is 3%
Rationale : A p-value of 0.03 suggests there is a 3%
probability that the observed results could be due to chance,
indicating statistical significance if the threshold is 0.05.
4. Which concept explains the likelihood of correctly rejecting a
false null hypothesis?
a) Significance Level
b) P-value
c) Power of a Test
d) Type I Error
ANS : c) Power of a Test
Rationale : The power of a test is the probability that it
correctly rejects a false null hypothesis.
5. Which statistical measure would you use to assess the central
tendency in a skewed data set?
a) Mean
©2024/2025
Statistical Reasoning for the Health
Sciences
Comprehensive Midterm Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Which of the following is the best method to determine the
causality between an exposure and an outcome in a health study?
a) Case-Control Study
b) Cohort Study
c) Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
d) Cross-Sectional Study
ANS : c) Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
©2024/2025
, Rationale : RCTs are considered the gold standard for
establishing causality as they randomly allocate subjects to
treatment or control groups, minimizing bias and confounding.
2. In a study analyzing the effect of a new drug on blood pressure,
which statistical test would be most appropriate if the data is
normally distributed and compares two independent groups?
a) Chi-square Test
b) Paired t-test
c) Independent t-test
d) ANOVA
ANS : c) Independent t-test
Rationale : An independent t-test is used to compare the
means of two independent groups when the data is normally
distributed.
3. What does a p-value of 0.03 signify in the context of a clinical
trial?
a) The probability that the observed result is due to chance is
3%
b) The treatment is ineffective
c) The sample size is too small
©2024/2025
, d) There is a Type II error
ANS : a) The probability that the observed result is due to
chance is 3%
Rationale : A p-value of 0.03 suggests there is a 3%
probability that the observed results could be due to chance,
indicating statistical significance if the threshold is 0.05.
4. Which concept explains the likelihood of correctly rejecting a
false null hypothesis?
a) Significance Level
b) P-value
c) Power of a Test
d) Type I Error
ANS : c) Power of a Test
Rationale : The power of a test is the probability that it
correctly rejects a false null hypothesis.
5. Which statistical measure would you use to assess the central
tendency in a skewed data set?
a) Mean
©2024/2025
