Solutions Manual
Solutions Manual For Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683;
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
A Concise Introduction TABLE OF CONTENTS
Exercise Answers .................................................................................... 2
to Logic 14e Patrick J. Exercise 1.1 .............................................................................................. 2
Exercise 1.2 ......................................................................................... 6
Exercise 1.3 ............................................................................................. 10
Exercise 1.4 ............................................................................................. 12
Hurley (All Chapters) Exercise 1.5 ............................................................................................. 14
Exercise 1.6 ............................................................................................. 16
,EXERCISE ANSWERS 9. P1: An agreement cannot bind unless both parties to the agreement know what they
are doing and freely choose to do it.
C: The seller who intends to enter a contract with a customer has a duty to disclose
EXERCISE 1.1 exactly what the customer is buying and what the terms of the sale are.
Part I 10. P1: Punishment, when speedy and specific, may suppress undesirable behavior.
1. P: Carbon monoxide molecules happen to be just the right size and shape, and P2: Punishment cannot teach or encourage desirable alternatives.
happen to have just the right chemical properties, to fit neatly into cavities within C: It is crucial to use positive techniques to model and reinforce appropriate behavior
hemoglobin molecules in blood that are normally reserved for oxygen molecules. that the person can use in place of the unacceptable response that has to be
C: Carbon monoxide diminishes the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. suppressed.
2. P: The good, according to Plato, is that which furthers a person's real interests. 11. P1: High profits are the signal that consumers want more of the output of the industry.
C: In any given case when the good is known, men will seek it. P2: High profits provide the incentive for firms to expand output and for more firms to
enter the industry in the long run.
3. P: The denial or perversion of justice by the sentences of courts, as well as in any
P3: For a firm of above average efficiency, profits represent the reward for greater
other manner, is with reason classed among the just causes of war.
efficiency.
C: The federal judiciary ought to have cognizance of all causes in which the citizens of
C: Profit serves a very crucial function in a free enterprise economy, such as our own.
other countries are concerned.
4. P: When individuals voluntarily abandon property, they forfeit any expectation of 12. P1: My cat regularly used to close and lock the door to my neighbor's doghouse,
trapping their sleeping Doberman inside.
privacy in it that they might have had.
P2: Try telling a cat what to do, or putting a leash on him--he'll glare at you and say, "I
C: A warrantless search and seizure of abandoned property is not unreasonable under
don't think so. You should have gotten a dog."
the Fourth Amendment.
C: Cats can think circles around dogs.
5. P1: Artists and poets look at the world and seek relationships and order.
P2: But they translate their ideas to canvas, or to marble, or into poetic images. 13. P1: Private property helps people define themselves.
P2: Private property frees people from mundane cares of daily subsistence.
P3 Scientists try to find relationships between different objects and events.
P3: Private property is finite.
P4: To express the order they find, they create hypotheses and theories.
C: No individual should accumulate so much property that others are prevented from
C: The great scientific theories are easily compared to great art and great literature.
accumulating the necessities of life.
6. P1: The animal species in Australia are very different from those on the mainland.
14. P1: To every existing thing God wills some good.
P2: Asian placental mammals and Australian marsupial mammals have not been in
contact in the last several million years. P2: To love any thing is nothing else than to will good to that thing.
C: There was never a land bridge between Australia and the mainland C: It is manifest that God loves everything that exists.
7. P1: We need sleep to think clearly, react quickly, and create memories. 15. P1: The average working man can support no more than two children.
P2: Studies show that people who are taught mentally challenging tasks do better P2: The average working woman can take care of no more than two children in decent
after a good night’s sleep. fashion.
P3: Other research suggests that sleep is needed for creative problem solving. C: Women of the working class, especially wage workers, should not have more than
C: It really does matter if you get enough sleep. two children at most.
8. P1: The classroom teacher is crucial to the development and academic success of the 16. P1: The nations of planet earth have acquired nuclear weapons with an explosive
average student. power equal to more than a million Hiroshima bombs.
P2: Administrators simply are ancillary to this effort. P2: Studies suggest that explosion of only half these weapons would produce enough
C: Classroom teachers ought to be paid at least the equivalent of administrators at all soot, smoke, and dust to blanket the Earth, block out the sun, and bring on a
levels, including the superintendent. nuclear winter that would threaten the survival of the human race.
C: Radioactive fallout isn't the only concern in the aftermath of nuclear explosions.
,17. P1: An ant releases a chemical when it dies, and its fellows carry it away to the 25. P1: It is generally accepted that by constantly swimming with its mouth open, the
compost heap. shark is simply avoiding suffocation.
P2: A healthy ant painted with the death chemical will be dragged to the funeral heap P2: This assures a continuous flow of oxygen-laden water into their mouths, over their
again and again. gills, and out through the gill slits.
C: Apparently the communication is highly effective. C: Contrary to the tales of some scuba divers, the toothsome, gaping grin on the
mouth of an approaching shark is not necessarily anticipatory.
18. P: Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim
at some good. 26. P: If you place a piece of Polaroid (for example, one lens of a pair of Polaroid
C: The good has been rightly declared to be that at which all things aim. sunglasses) in front of your eye and rotate it as you look at the sky on a clear day,
you will notice a change in light intensity with the orientation of the Polaroid.
19. P1: Antipoverty programs provide jobs for middle-class professionals in social work,
C: Light coming from the sky is partially polarized.
penology and public health.
P2: Such workers' future advancement is tied to the continued growth of 27. P1: The secondary light [from the moon] does not inherently belong to the moon, and
bureaucracies dependent on the existence of poverty. is not received from any star or from the sun.
C: Poverty offers numerous benefits to the non-poor. P2: In the whole universe there is no other body left but the earth.
20. P1: Corn is an annual crop. C: The lunar body (or any other dark and sunless orb) is illuminated by the earth.
P2: Butchers meat is a crop which requires four or five years to grow. 28. P1: Anyone familiar with our prison system knows that there are some inmates who
P3: An acre of land will produce a much smaller quantity of the one species of food behave little better than brute beasts.
(meat) than the other. P2: If the death penalty had been truly effective as a deterrent, such prisoners would
C: The inferiority of the quantity (of meat) must be compensated by the superiority of long ago have vanished.
the price. C: The very fact that these prisoners exist is a telling argument against the efficacy of
capital punishment as a deterrent.
21. P1: Loan oft loses both itself and friend.
P2: Borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. 29. P1: REM (rapid eye movement) sleep studies conducted on adults indicate that REM
C: Neither a borrower nor lender be. pressure increases with deprivation.
P2: This would not occur if REM sleep and dreaming were unimportant.
22. P1: Take the nurse who alleges that physicians enrich themselves in her hospital
through unnecessary surgery. C: REM sleep and dreaming are necessary in the adult.
P2: Take the engineer who discloses safety defects in the braking systems of a fleet of 30. P1: We say that an end pursued in its own right is more complete than an end pursued
new rapid-transit vehicles. because of something else, and that an end that is never choiceworthy because of
P3: Take the Defense Department official who alerts Congress to military graft and something else is more complete than ends that are choiceworthy both in their
overspending. own right and because of this end.
P4: All know that they pose a threat to those whom they denounce and that their own C: An end that is always choiceworthy in its own right, and never because of
careers may be at risk. something else, is complete without qualification.
C: The stakes in whistleblowing are high.
Part II.
23. P1: If a piece of information is not "job relevant," then the employer is not entitled qua
1. College sports are as much driven by money as professional sports.
employer to know it.
P2: Sexual practices, political beliefs, associational activities, etc., are not part of the 2. The creation of a multilingual society is contrary to the best interests of all of us.
description of most jobs
3. The competitive aspect of team sports is having a negative impact on the health and
P3: They do not directly affect one's job performance. fitness of our children.
C: They are not legitimate information for an employer to know in the determination
of the hiring of a job applicant. 4. Business majors are robbing themselves of the true purpose of collegiate academics, a
sacrifice that outweighs the future salary checks.
24. P1: One of the most noticeable effects of a dark tan is premature aging of the skin.
5. The sale and purchase of recreational drugs should be legalized.
P2: The sun also contributes to certain types of cataracts, and, what is most
worrisome, it plays a role in skin cancer. 6. Congress should not cut the National Institutes of Health budget.
C: Too much sun can lead to health problems.
, 7. A person cannot reject free will and still insist on criminality and codes of moral behavior. 6. Argument (conclusion: Mosquito bites are not always the harmless little irritations
most of us take them to be.)
8. Patients should not be offered elective Cesarean section.
7. Argument (conclusion: If stem-cell research is restricted, then people will die
9. Parents who truly love their children allow them to fail once in a while. prematurely.)
10. Protecting the environment requires that we limit population growth. 8. Argument (conclusion: Fiction provides us with the opportunity to ponder how people
Part III react in uncommon situations, and to deduce moral lessons, psychological principles,
and philosophical insights from their behavior.)
1. Logic: The organized body of knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments.
9. Nonargument (statement of belief)
2. Argument: A group of statements one or more of which (the premises) are claimed to
provide support for, or reasons to believe, one of the others (the conclusion). 10. Nonargument (report)
3. Statement: A sentence that is either true or false. 11. Argument (conclusion: Any interest of the state in protecting the woman from an
inherently hazardous procedure, except when it would be equally dangerous for her to
4. Premise: A statement in an argument that sets forth evidence or reasons. forgo it, has largely disappeared.
5. Conclusion: The statement in an argument that the premises are claimed to support or 12. Nonargument (expository passage)
imply.
13. Nonargument (illustration)
6. Conclusion indicator: A word that provides a clue in identifying the conclusion.
14. Nonargument (report of an argument)
7. Premise indicator: A word that provides a clue in identifying the premises.
15. Argument (conclusion: Economics is of practical value in business.)
8. Inference: The reasoning process used to produce an argument.
16. Nonargument (piece of advice)
9. Proposition: The information content of a statement.
17. Nonargument (loosely associated statements)
10. Truth value: The attribute by which a statement is either true or false.
18. This passage could be interpreted as either an argument or an explanation (or both). If
Part IV it is interpreted as an argument, the conclusion is: Most business organizations include
a credit department which must reach a decision on the credit worthiness of each
1. True 6. False prospective customer.
2. False 7. True 19. Argument (conclusion: For organisms at the sea surface, sinking into deep water
3. False 8. True usually means death.)
4. False 9. True 20. Nonargument (temporal meaning of "since"; "hence" indicates an explanation.)
5. True 10. True 21. Argument (conclusion: Dachshunds are ideal dogs for small children.)
22. Argument (conclusion: Atoms can combine to form molecules, whose properties are
generally very different from those of the constituent atoms.)
EXERCISE 1.2
Part I 23. Argument (conclusion: The coarsest type of humor is the practical joke.)
1. Nonargument (explanation) 24. Nonargument (conditional statement)
2. Nonargument; conditional statement 25. Nonargument (explanation)
3. Argument (conclusion: Freedom of the press is the most important of our 26. Argument (conclusion: Words are slippery customers.)
constitutionally guaranteed freedoms.)
27. Nonargument (report)
4. Nonargument (illustration)
28. Argument (conclusion: A person never becomes truly self-reliant.)
5. Nonargument (piece of advice)
29. Nonargument (opinion)
30. Nonargument (expository passage and illustration)
Solutions Manual For Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683;
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
A Concise Introduction TABLE OF CONTENTS
Exercise Answers .................................................................................... 2
to Logic 14e Patrick J. Exercise 1.1 .............................................................................................. 2
Exercise 1.2 ......................................................................................... 6
Exercise 1.3 ............................................................................................. 10
Exercise 1.4 ............................................................................................. 12
Hurley (All Chapters) Exercise 1.5 ............................................................................................. 14
Exercise 1.6 ............................................................................................. 16
,EXERCISE ANSWERS 9. P1: An agreement cannot bind unless both parties to the agreement know what they
are doing and freely choose to do it.
C: The seller who intends to enter a contract with a customer has a duty to disclose
EXERCISE 1.1 exactly what the customer is buying and what the terms of the sale are.
Part I 10. P1: Punishment, when speedy and specific, may suppress undesirable behavior.
1. P: Carbon monoxide molecules happen to be just the right size and shape, and P2: Punishment cannot teach or encourage desirable alternatives.
happen to have just the right chemical properties, to fit neatly into cavities within C: It is crucial to use positive techniques to model and reinforce appropriate behavior
hemoglobin molecules in blood that are normally reserved for oxygen molecules. that the person can use in place of the unacceptable response that has to be
C: Carbon monoxide diminishes the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. suppressed.
2. P: The good, according to Plato, is that which furthers a person's real interests. 11. P1: High profits are the signal that consumers want more of the output of the industry.
C: In any given case when the good is known, men will seek it. P2: High profits provide the incentive for firms to expand output and for more firms to
enter the industry in the long run.
3. P: The denial or perversion of justice by the sentences of courts, as well as in any
P3: For a firm of above average efficiency, profits represent the reward for greater
other manner, is with reason classed among the just causes of war.
efficiency.
C: The federal judiciary ought to have cognizance of all causes in which the citizens of
C: Profit serves a very crucial function in a free enterprise economy, such as our own.
other countries are concerned.
4. P: When individuals voluntarily abandon property, they forfeit any expectation of 12. P1: My cat regularly used to close and lock the door to my neighbor's doghouse,
trapping their sleeping Doberman inside.
privacy in it that they might have had.
P2: Try telling a cat what to do, or putting a leash on him--he'll glare at you and say, "I
C: A warrantless search and seizure of abandoned property is not unreasonable under
don't think so. You should have gotten a dog."
the Fourth Amendment.
C: Cats can think circles around dogs.
5. P1: Artists and poets look at the world and seek relationships and order.
P2: But they translate their ideas to canvas, or to marble, or into poetic images. 13. P1: Private property helps people define themselves.
P2: Private property frees people from mundane cares of daily subsistence.
P3 Scientists try to find relationships between different objects and events.
P3: Private property is finite.
P4: To express the order they find, they create hypotheses and theories.
C: No individual should accumulate so much property that others are prevented from
C: The great scientific theories are easily compared to great art and great literature.
accumulating the necessities of life.
6. P1: The animal species in Australia are very different from those on the mainland.
14. P1: To every existing thing God wills some good.
P2: Asian placental mammals and Australian marsupial mammals have not been in
contact in the last several million years. P2: To love any thing is nothing else than to will good to that thing.
C: There was never a land bridge between Australia and the mainland C: It is manifest that God loves everything that exists.
7. P1: We need sleep to think clearly, react quickly, and create memories. 15. P1: The average working man can support no more than two children.
P2: Studies show that people who are taught mentally challenging tasks do better P2: The average working woman can take care of no more than two children in decent
after a good night’s sleep. fashion.
P3: Other research suggests that sleep is needed for creative problem solving. C: Women of the working class, especially wage workers, should not have more than
C: It really does matter if you get enough sleep. two children at most.
8. P1: The classroom teacher is crucial to the development and academic success of the 16. P1: The nations of planet earth have acquired nuclear weapons with an explosive
average student. power equal to more than a million Hiroshima bombs.
P2: Administrators simply are ancillary to this effort. P2: Studies suggest that explosion of only half these weapons would produce enough
C: Classroom teachers ought to be paid at least the equivalent of administrators at all soot, smoke, and dust to blanket the Earth, block out the sun, and bring on a
levels, including the superintendent. nuclear winter that would threaten the survival of the human race.
C: Radioactive fallout isn't the only concern in the aftermath of nuclear explosions.
,17. P1: An ant releases a chemical when it dies, and its fellows carry it away to the 25. P1: It is generally accepted that by constantly swimming with its mouth open, the
compost heap. shark is simply avoiding suffocation.
P2: A healthy ant painted with the death chemical will be dragged to the funeral heap P2: This assures a continuous flow of oxygen-laden water into their mouths, over their
again and again. gills, and out through the gill slits.
C: Apparently the communication is highly effective. C: Contrary to the tales of some scuba divers, the toothsome, gaping grin on the
mouth of an approaching shark is not necessarily anticipatory.
18. P: Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim
at some good. 26. P: If you place a piece of Polaroid (for example, one lens of a pair of Polaroid
C: The good has been rightly declared to be that at which all things aim. sunglasses) in front of your eye and rotate it as you look at the sky on a clear day,
you will notice a change in light intensity with the orientation of the Polaroid.
19. P1: Antipoverty programs provide jobs for middle-class professionals in social work,
C: Light coming from the sky is partially polarized.
penology and public health.
P2: Such workers' future advancement is tied to the continued growth of 27. P1: The secondary light [from the moon] does not inherently belong to the moon, and
bureaucracies dependent on the existence of poverty. is not received from any star or from the sun.
C: Poverty offers numerous benefits to the non-poor. P2: In the whole universe there is no other body left but the earth.
20. P1: Corn is an annual crop. C: The lunar body (or any other dark and sunless orb) is illuminated by the earth.
P2: Butchers meat is a crop which requires four or five years to grow. 28. P1: Anyone familiar with our prison system knows that there are some inmates who
P3: An acre of land will produce a much smaller quantity of the one species of food behave little better than brute beasts.
(meat) than the other. P2: If the death penalty had been truly effective as a deterrent, such prisoners would
C: The inferiority of the quantity (of meat) must be compensated by the superiority of long ago have vanished.
the price. C: The very fact that these prisoners exist is a telling argument against the efficacy of
capital punishment as a deterrent.
21. P1: Loan oft loses both itself and friend.
P2: Borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. 29. P1: REM (rapid eye movement) sleep studies conducted on adults indicate that REM
C: Neither a borrower nor lender be. pressure increases with deprivation.
P2: This would not occur if REM sleep and dreaming were unimportant.
22. P1: Take the nurse who alleges that physicians enrich themselves in her hospital
through unnecessary surgery. C: REM sleep and dreaming are necessary in the adult.
P2: Take the engineer who discloses safety defects in the braking systems of a fleet of 30. P1: We say that an end pursued in its own right is more complete than an end pursued
new rapid-transit vehicles. because of something else, and that an end that is never choiceworthy because of
P3: Take the Defense Department official who alerts Congress to military graft and something else is more complete than ends that are choiceworthy both in their
overspending. own right and because of this end.
P4: All know that they pose a threat to those whom they denounce and that their own C: An end that is always choiceworthy in its own right, and never because of
careers may be at risk. something else, is complete without qualification.
C: The stakes in whistleblowing are high.
Part II.
23. P1: If a piece of information is not "job relevant," then the employer is not entitled qua
1. College sports are as much driven by money as professional sports.
employer to know it.
P2: Sexual practices, political beliefs, associational activities, etc., are not part of the 2. The creation of a multilingual society is contrary to the best interests of all of us.
description of most jobs
3. The competitive aspect of team sports is having a negative impact on the health and
P3: They do not directly affect one's job performance. fitness of our children.
C: They are not legitimate information for an employer to know in the determination
of the hiring of a job applicant. 4. Business majors are robbing themselves of the true purpose of collegiate academics, a
sacrifice that outweighs the future salary checks.
24. P1: One of the most noticeable effects of a dark tan is premature aging of the skin.
5. The sale and purchase of recreational drugs should be legalized.
P2: The sun also contributes to certain types of cataracts, and, what is most
worrisome, it plays a role in skin cancer. 6. Congress should not cut the National Institutes of Health budget.
C: Too much sun can lead to health problems.
, 7. A person cannot reject free will and still insist on criminality and codes of moral behavior. 6. Argument (conclusion: Mosquito bites are not always the harmless little irritations
most of us take them to be.)
8. Patients should not be offered elective Cesarean section.
7. Argument (conclusion: If stem-cell research is restricted, then people will die
9. Parents who truly love their children allow them to fail once in a while. prematurely.)
10. Protecting the environment requires that we limit population growth. 8. Argument (conclusion: Fiction provides us with the opportunity to ponder how people
Part III react in uncommon situations, and to deduce moral lessons, psychological principles,
and philosophical insights from their behavior.)
1. Logic: The organized body of knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments.
9. Nonargument (statement of belief)
2. Argument: A group of statements one or more of which (the premises) are claimed to
provide support for, or reasons to believe, one of the others (the conclusion). 10. Nonargument (report)
3. Statement: A sentence that is either true or false. 11. Argument (conclusion: Any interest of the state in protecting the woman from an
inherently hazardous procedure, except when it would be equally dangerous for her to
4. Premise: A statement in an argument that sets forth evidence or reasons. forgo it, has largely disappeared.
5. Conclusion: The statement in an argument that the premises are claimed to support or 12. Nonargument (expository passage)
imply.
13. Nonargument (illustration)
6. Conclusion indicator: A word that provides a clue in identifying the conclusion.
14. Nonargument (report of an argument)
7. Premise indicator: A word that provides a clue in identifying the premises.
15. Argument (conclusion: Economics is of practical value in business.)
8. Inference: The reasoning process used to produce an argument.
16. Nonargument (piece of advice)
9. Proposition: The information content of a statement.
17. Nonargument (loosely associated statements)
10. Truth value: The attribute by which a statement is either true or false.
18. This passage could be interpreted as either an argument or an explanation (or both). If
Part IV it is interpreted as an argument, the conclusion is: Most business organizations include
a credit department which must reach a decision on the credit worthiness of each
1. True 6. False prospective customer.
2. False 7. True 19. Argument (conclusion: For organisms at the sea surface, sinking into deep water
3. False 8. True usually means death.)
4. False 9. True 20. Nonargument (temporal meaning of "since"; "hence" indicates an explanation.)
5. True 10. True 21. Argument (conclusion: Dachshunds are ideal dogs for small children.)
22. Argument (conclusion: Atoms can combine to form molecules, whose properties are
generally very different from those of the constituent atoms.)
EXERCISE 1.2
Part I 23. Argument (conclusion: The coarsest type of humor is the practical joke.)
1. Nonargument (explanation) 24. Nonargument (conditional statement)
2. Nonargument; conditional statement 25. Nonargument (explanation)
3. Argument (conclusion: Freedom of the press is the most important of our 26. Argument (conclusion: Words are slippery customers.)
constitutionally guaranteed freedoms.)
27. Nonargument (report)
4. Nonargument (illustration)
28. Argument (conclusion: A person never becomes truly self-reliant.)
5. Nonargument (piece of advice)
29. Nonargument (opinion)
30. Nonargument (expository passage and illustration)
