Chapter 1 Test A
MULTIPLE CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments
and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are working
more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a typical
woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity considered
unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing less.
ANS: D PTS: 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces other
metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate blood pressure
(which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), heme production
(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that
transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry"
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall information.
ANS: C PTS: 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to choose the
proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of
emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom who have
the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to follow the "right rule"
whatever the situation.
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal income tax
and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount these
merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their
employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
1
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay. e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will be averted.
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes. ANS: A PTS: 2
e. Nonargument.
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
ANS: A PTS: 2 understand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we feel,
learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So, how a neuron works and how neurons
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-arrested, communicate are crucial pieces of information in solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental
over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times more likely to be processing.
arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women have received significantly Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction
longer sentences for crimes against property and served longer periods in prison. For both murder and a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron.
drug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one-third less time for the same offenses than b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms.
black women. c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity.
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S." d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing.
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups. e. Nonargument.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women. ANS: D PTS: 2
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced.
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods in prison. 10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are composed of a
nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other properties of living
ANS: B PTS: 2 organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized and
stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain the capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There are criminal Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations
elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect unprotected PCs. Once a a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins.
vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that assists them in committing identity b. Nonargument.
theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online advertisers by using these zombie computers to c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope.
visit pay-per-click ads. d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease.
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs. e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded living cells.
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs.
c. Nonargument. ANS: B PTS: 2
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads.
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by a firewall. 11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving the global warming
problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated by the wind down by
ANS: E PTS: 2 82 percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable progress as new photovoltaic
cells have been developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly into electricity. Today
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made through the costs of wind and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty coal-fired plants.
the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the state of Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions"
interplanetary space. The earth is also the most important object of comparison for planetologists. a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants.
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981.
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space. c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem.
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists. d. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy. e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directly into electricity.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the atmosphere. ANS: D PTS: 2
ANS: C PTS: 2 12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did not commit.
From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of these cases DNA
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff, communities evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more than 1000 prisoners were executed.
abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of traditional medicines can For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was available. If such evidence had been available, how
be persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life may more would have been exonerated?
sustaining prey will be restored, and the immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted. a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role.
a. Nonargument. b. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated.
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available.
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed. e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit.
2 3
, 17. An element is a collection of atoms of the same type. Each atom contains three fundamental
ANS: E PTS: 2
particlesa proton, a neutron, and an electron. The protons and neutrons are in the center, or nucleus,
of the atom. Protons have a positive charge, while neutrons have no electric charge. The electrons have
13. Some over-the-counter medicines should not be given to very young children. For example, cold
a negative charge and orbit about the nucleus at a specific distance.
medicines contain decongestants and antihistamines. These substances raise blood pressure and heart
Edward F. Albin, Earth Science Made Easy
rate. If an overdose should occur in a young child, the result can be fatal.
a. Argument; conclusion: An element is a collection of atoms of the same type.
a. Argument; conclusion: Some over-the-counter medicines ... very young children.
b. Argument; conclusion: The electrons have a negative charge ... specific distance.
b. Argument; conclusion: These substances raise blood pressure and heart rate.
c. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: If an overdose ... the result can be fatal.
d. Argument; conclusion: Each atom contains ... an electron.
d. Argument; conclusion: Cold medicines contain decongestants and antihistamines.
e. Argument; conclusion: The protons and neutrons ... of the atom.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: C PTS: 2
ANS: A PTS: 2
INSTRUCTIONS: The following problems relate to identifying and evaluating inductive and
14. The world-wide disappearance of frogs may be the result of agricultural runoff. Scientists have shown
deductive arguments. Select the best answer for each.
that runoff rich in fertilizer causes a pronounced increase in the algae of lakes and ponds. Snails then
gorge themselves on the algae, causing parasites living inside them to produce huge quantities of eggs.
18. If the Big Bang theory is correct, then the universe is billions of years old. And if the Big Bang theory
When the eggs hatch, the parasites infect young frogs, causing severe deformation of their limbs.
is correct, then the universe was not created in six days. Thus, if the universe is billions of years old,
a. Nonargument.
then it was not created in six days.
b. Argument; conclusion: Snails then gorge themselves ... huge quantities of eggs.
a. Deductive, valid.
c. Argument; conclusion: The world-wide disappearance ... agricultural runoff.
b. Inductive, strong.
d. Argument; conclusion: When the eggs hatch ... severe deformation of their limbs.
c. Inductive, cogent.
e. Argument; conclusion: Scientists have shown ... in the algae of lakes and ponds.
d. Inductive, weak.
ANS: C PTS: 2 e. Deductive, invalid.
ANS: E PTS: 2
15. Little is known of the Greek physician Hippocrates, who lived around 400 B.C. Nevertheless, the
writings attributed to him have provided a number of principles underlying modern medical practice.
19. The engraved plate beneath this painting in the art museum says "Monet." Therefore, the painting must
One of his most famous contributions, the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary
be the work of Monet.
medical ethics. It requires the physician to swear that he or she will help the sick, refrain from
a. Inductive, cogent.
intentional wrongdoing, and keep confidential all matters pertaining to the doctor-patient relationship.
b. Inductive, weak.
William C. Cockerham, Medical Sociology
c. Deductive, valid.
a. Argument; conclusion: The writings attributed to him ... medical practice.
d. Inductive, strong.
b. Nonargument.
e. Deductive, invalid.
c. Argument; conclusion: It requires the physician ... doctor-patient relationship.
d. Argument; conclusion: One of his most famous contributions ... medical ethics. ANS: D PTS: 2
e. Argument; conclusion: Little is known ... who lived around 400 B.C.
20. Canada is similar in many ways to the United States. Both countries share the same language, values,
ANS: B PTS: 2
and a free market economy. Also, they share a common border. Therefore, the Canadian flag must
look a lot like the U.S. flag.
16. Two million children have been killed in armed conflicts in the last decade. Three times as many have
a. Inductive, weak.
been injured or permanently disabled. Millions of others have been forced to take part in or witness
b. Deductive, invalid.
horrifying acts of violence. In countless cases the impact of armed conflict on children's lives remains
c. Inductive, strong.
invisible. The children themselves may be removed from the public, in institutions, or survive as
d. Deductive, sound.
victims of prostitution. But those who have lost parents often experience humiliation, rejection and
e. Deductive, valid.
discrimination, and suffer in silence as their self-esteem crumbles.
Child Rights Information Network ANS: A PTS: 2
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: Two million children ... in the last decade. 21. Either Bill Clinton or George W. Bush was president when the World Trade Center towers were
c. Argument; conclusion: But those who have lost parents ... self-esteem crumbles. destroyed. But Bush was not president at that time. Therefore, Bill Clinton was president when those
d. Argument; conclusion: In countless cases ... remains invisible. buildings were destroyed.
e. Argument; conclusion: Three times as many ... permanently disabled. a. Inductive, invalid.
b. Deductive, valid.
ANS: A PTS: 2
c. Deductive, invalid.
d. Inductive, strong.
4 5
, e. Inductive, weak. 27. Astrological calculations indicate that the U.S. stock market will crash in the year 2014. Therefore,
you should get your money out of the market before that year.
ANS: B PTS: 2 a. Inductive, cogent.
b. Deductive, valid.
22. As the universe expands, it gets colder and colder. Furthermore, this expansion will continue for ever c. Inductive, weak.
and ever. Therefore, at some point in the future the universe will become too cold to support human d. Deductive, invalid.
life, and all humans will perish. e. Inductive, strong.
a. Deductive, invalid.
b. Deductive, valid. ANS: C PTS: 2
c. Deductive, sound.
d. Inductive, strong. 28. If organic food contains pesticides, then consumers are misled. Organic food does not contain
e. Inductive, weak. pesticides. Therefore, consumers are not misled.
a. Inductive, weak.
ANS: D PTS: 2 b. Inductive, strong.
c. Deductive, valid.
23. No drug cartels are legal operations, so no legal operations are enterprises that engage in smuggling, d. Deductive, invalid.
because all drug cartels are enterprises that engage in smuggling. e. Deductive, sound.
a. Deductive, valid.
b. Inductive, strong. ANS: D PTS: 2
c. Inductive, weak.
d. Deductive, sound. 29. When Jack took his car in for service, the mechanic charged him for lots of work that didn't need to be
e. Deductive, invalid. done. The same thing happened to Niki and Claire. Apparently mechanics these days are just a bunch
of crooks.
ANS: E PTS: 2 a. Inductive, strong.
2 b. Inductive, weak.
24. Given that x + 2x = 15. It follows that x = 3. c. Deductive, invalid.
a. Inductive, strong. d. Deductive, valid.
b. Inductive, weak. e. Deductive, sound.
c. Deductive, valid.
d. Inductive, cogent. ANS: B PTS: 2
e. Deductive, invalid.
30. All aerobic exercises are calorie burners and all calorie burners are weight reducers. Thus, all aerobic
ANS: C PTS: 2 exercises are weight reducers.
a. Deductive, valid.
25. Graffiti painted on that vacant building says "Boycott Meat." Therefore, it's clear that we should all b. Deductive, invalid.
become vegetarians. c. Inductive, weak.
a. Deductive, sound. d. Inductive, strong.
b. Inductive, weak. e. Inductive, cogent.
c. Deductive, invalid.
d. Deductive, valid. ANS: A PTS: 2
e. Inductive, strong.
31. After hearing Jordan's speech in the student council, Michael rolled his eyes and shook his head.
ANS: B PTS: 2 Apparently Michael didn't agree with what Jordan said.
a. Deductive, valid.
26. James Bloomfield, the widely respected expert on art authentication, says that the painting recently b. Deductive, sound.
discovered in the basement of the art museum is a genuine Picasso. Therefore, we conclude that the c. Deductive, invalid.
painting is indeed a genuine Picasso. d. Inductive, weak.
a. Deductive, invalid. e. Inductive, strong.
b. Inductive, weak.
c. Deductive, valid. ANS: E PTS: 2
d. Inductive, cogent.
e. Inductive, strong. 32. Brandon is a polytheist. Therefore, he believes in more than one god.
a. Inductive, cogent.
ANS: E PTS: 2 b. Deductive, invalid.
c. Inductive, weak.
6 7
MULTIPLE CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments
and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are working
more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a typical
woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity considered
unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing less.
ANS: D PTS: 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces other
metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate blood pressure
(which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), heme production
(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that
transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry"
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall information.
ANS: C PTS: 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to choose the
proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of
emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom who have
the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to follow the "right rule"
whatever the situation.
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal income tax
and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount these
merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their
employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
1
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay. e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will be averted.
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes. ANS: A PTS: 2
e. Nonargument.
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
ANS: A PTS: 2 understand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we feel,
learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So, how a neuron works and how neurons
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-arrested, communicate are crucial pieces of information in solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental
over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times more likely to be processing.
arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women have received significantly Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction
longer sentences for crimes against property and served longer periods in prison. For both murder and a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron.
drug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one-third less time for the same offenses than b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms.
black women. c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity.
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S." d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing.
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups. e. Nonargument.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women. ANS: D PTS: 2
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced.
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods in prison. 10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are composed of a
nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other properties of living
ANS: B PTS: 2 organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized and
stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain the capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There are criminal Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations
elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect unprotected PCs. Once a a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins.
vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that assists them in committing identity b. Nonargument.
theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online advertisers by using these zombie computers to c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope.
visit pay-per-click ads. d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease.
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs. e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded living cells.
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs.
c. Nonargument. ANS: B PTS: 2
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads.
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by a firewall. 11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving the global warming
problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated by the wind down by
ANS: E PTS: 2 82 percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable progress as new photovoltaic
cells have been developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly into electricity. Today
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made through the costs of wind and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty coal-fired plants.
the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the state of Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions"
interplanetary space. The earth is also the most important object of comparison for planetologists. a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants.
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981.
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space. c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem.
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists. d. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy. e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directly into electricity.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the atmosphere. ANS: D PTS: 2
ANS: C PTS: 2 12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did not commit.
From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of these cases DNA
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff, communities evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more than 1000 prisoners were executed.
abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of traditional medicines can For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was available. If such evidence had been available, how
be persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life may more would have been exonerated?
sustaining prey will be restored, and the immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted. a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role.
a. Nonargument. b. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated.
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available.
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed. e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit.
2 3
, 17. An element is a collection of atoms of the same type. Each atom contains three fundamental
ANS: E PTS: 2
particlesa proton, a neutron, and an electron. The protons and neutrons are in the center, or nucleus,
of the atom. Protons have a positive charge, while neutrons have no electric charge. The electrons have
13. Some over-the-counter medicines should not be given to very young children. For example, cold
a negative charge and orbit about the nucleus at a specific distance.
medicines contain decongestants and antihistamines. These substances raise blood pressure and heart
Edward F. Albin, Earth Science Made Easy
rate. If an overdose should occur in a young child, the result can be fatal.
a. Argument; conclusion: An element is a collection of atoms of the same type.
a. Argument; conclusion: Some over-the-counter medicines ... very young children.
b. Argument; conclusion: The electrons have a negative charge ... specific distance.
b. Argument; conclusion: These substances raise blood pressure and heart rate.
c. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: If an overdose ... the result can be fatal.
d. Argument; conclusion: Each atom contains ... an electron.
d. Argument; conclusion: Cold medicines contain decongestants and antihistamines.
e. Argument; conclusion: The protons and neutrons ... of the atom.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: C PTS: 2
ANS: A PTS: 2
INSTRUCTIONS: The following problems relate to identifying and evaluating inductive and
14. The world-wide disappearance of frogs may be the result of agricultural runoff. Scientists have shown
deductive arguments. Select the best answer for each.
that runoff rich in fertilizer causes a pronounced increase in the algae of lakes and ponds. Snails then
gorge themselves on the algae, causing parasites living inside them to produce huge quantities of eggs.
18. If the Big Bang theory is correct, then the universe is billions of years old. And if the Big Bang theory
When the eggs hatch, the parasites infect young frogs, causing severe deformation of their limbs.
is correct, then the universe was not created in six days. Thus, if the universe is billions of years old,
a. Nonargument.
then it was not created in six days.
b. Argument; conclusion: Snails then gorge themselves ... huge quantities of eggs.
a. Deductive, valid.
c. Argument; conclusion: The world-wide disappearance ... agricultural runoff.
b. Inductive, strong.
d. Argument; conclusion: When the eggs hatch ... severe deformation of their limbs.
c. Inductive, cogent.
e. Argument; conclusion: Scientists have shown ... in the algae of lakes and ponds.
d. Inductive, weak.
ANS: C PTS: 2 e. Deductive, invalid.
ANS: E PTS: 2
15. Little is known of the Greek physician Hippocrates, who lived around 400 B.C. Nevertheless, the
writings attributed to him have provided a number of principles underlying modern medical practice.
19. The engraved plate beneath this painting in the art museum says "Monet." Therefore, the painting must
One of his most famous contributions, the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary
be the work of Monet.
medical ethics. It requires the physician to swear that he or she will help the sick, refrain from
a. Inductive, cogent.
intentional wrongdoing, and keep confidential all matters pertaining to the doctor-patient relationship.
b. Inductive, weak.
William C. Cockerham, Medical Sociology
c. Deductive, valid.
a. Argument; conclusion: The writings attributed to him ... medical practice.
d. Inductive, strong.
b. Nonargument.
e. Deductive, invalid.
c. Argument; conclusion: It requires the physician ... doctor-patient relationship.
d. Argument; conclusion: One of his most famous contributions ... medical ethics. ANS: D PTS: 2
e. Argument; conclusion: Little is known ... who lived around 400 B.C.
20. Canada is similar in many ways to the United States. Both countries share the same language, values,
ANS: B PTS: 2
and a free market economy. Also, they share a common border. Therefore, the Canadian flag must
look a lot like the U.S. flag.
16. Two million children have been killed in armed conflicts in the last decade. Three times as many have
a. Inductive, weak.
been injured or permanently disabled. Millions of others have been forced to take part in or witness
b. Deductive, invalid.
horrifying acts of violence. In countless cases the impact of armed conflict on children's lives remains
c. Inductive, strong.
invisible. The children themselves may be removed from the public, in institutions, or survive as
d. Deductive, sound.
victims of prostitution. But those who have lost parents often experience humiliation, rejection and
e. Deductive, valid.
discrimination, and suffer in silence as their self-esteem crumbles.
Child Rights Information Network ANS: A PTS: 2
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: Two million children ... in the last decade. 21. Either Bill Clinton or George W. Bush was president when the World Trade Center towers were
c. Argument; conclusion: But those who have lost parents ... self-esteem crumbles. destroyed. But Bush was not president at that time. Therefore, Bill Clinton was president when those
d. Argument; conclusion: In countless cases ... remains invisible. buildings were destroyed.
e. Argument; conclusion: Three times as many ... permanently disabled. a. Inductive, invalid.
b. Deductive, valid.
ANS: A PTS: 2
c. Deductive, invalid.
d. Inductive, strong.
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, e. Inductive, weak. 27. Astrological calculations indicate that the U.S. stock market will crash in the year 2014. Therefore,
you should get your money out of the market before that year.
ANS: B PTS: 2 a. Inductive, cogent.
b. Deductive, valid.
22. As the universe expands, it gets colder and colder. Furthermore, this expansion will continue for ever c. Inductive, weak.
and ever. Therefore, at some point in the future the universe will become too cold to support human d. Deductive, invalid.
life, and all humans will perish. e. Inductive, strong.
a. Deductive, invalid.
b. Deductive, valid. ANS: C PTS: 2
c. Deductive, sound.
d. Inductive, strong. 28. If organic food contains pesticides, then consumers are misled. Organic food does not contain
e. Inductive, weak. pesticides. Therefore, consumers are not misled.
a. Inductive, weak.
ANS: D PTS: 2 b. Inductive, strong.
c. Deductive, valid.
23. No drug cartels are legal operations, so no legal operations are enterprises that engage in smuggling, d. Deductive, invalid.
because all drug cartels are enterprises that engage in smuggling. e. Deductive, sound.
a. Deductive, valid.
b. Inductive, strong. ANS: D PTS: 2
c. Inductive, weak.
d. Deductive, sound. 29. When Jack took his car in for service, the mechanic charged him for lots of work that didn't need to be
e. Deductive, invalid. done. The same thing happened to Niki and Claire. Apparently mechanics these days are just a bunch
of crooks.
ANS: E PTS: 2 a. Inductive, strong.
2 b. Inductive, weak.
24. Given that x + 2x = 15. It follows that x = 3. c. Deductive, invalid.
a. Inductive, strong. d. Deductive, valid.
b. Inductive, weak. e. Deductive, sound.
c. Deductive, valid.
d. Inductive, cogent. ANS: B PTS: 2
e. Deductive, invalid.
30. All aerobic exercises are calorie burners and all calorie burners are weight reducers. Thus, all aerobic
ANS: C PTS: 2 exercises are weight reducers.
a. Deductive, valid.
25. Graffiti painted on that vacant building says "Boycott Meat." Therefore, it's clear that we should all b. Deductive, invalid.
become vegetarians. c. Inductive, weak.
a. Deductive, sound. d. Inductive, strong.
b. Inductive, weak. e. Inductive, cogent.
c. Deductive, invalid.
d. Deductive, valid. ANS: A PTS: 2
e. Inductive, strong.
31. After hearing Jordan's speech in the student council, Michael rolled his eyes and shook his head.
ANS: B PTS: 2 Apparently Michael didn't agree with what Jordan said.
a. Deductive, valid.
26. James Bloomfield, the widely respected expert on art authentication, says that the painting recently b. Deductive, sound.
discovered in the basement of the art museum is a genuine Picasso. Therefore, we conclude that the c. Deductive, invalid.
painting is indeed a genuine Picasso. d. Inductive, weak.
a. Deductive, invalid. e. Inductive, strong.
b. Inductive, weak.
c. Deductive, valid. ANS: E PTS: 2
d. Inductive, cogent.
e. Inductive, strong. 32. Brandon is a polytheist. Therefore, he believes in more than one god.
a. Inductive, cogent.
ANS: E PTS: 2 b. Deductive, invalid.
c. Inductive, weak.
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