NSG 415-Exam 1 (Modules 1 & 2)
evidence-based practice - ANS- practice based on the best available evidence, patient
preferences, and clinical judgment
research - ANS- systematic study that leads to new knowledge and/or solutions to
problems or questions
research utilization - ANS- changing practice based on the results of a single research
study
Model of Diffusion of Innovations - ANS- -Explains the process of how EBP is integrated
into practice
-Process: Acquisition of knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, confirmation
(don't memorize steps)
-Begins with a small group of institutions (known as the early adopters) and eventually
spreads to the laggards (people/institutions that are slow to adopt change)
Quantitative Research - ANS- -Uses numbers that are then statistically analyzed
-Objective
Qualitative Research - ANS- -Uses words to describe human behaviors (detailed
description of meanings people give to their experiences)
-Subjective
Deductive Reasoning - ANS- -Broader, looks at data to come to a conclusion (Big to
small)
-linked to quantitative research
Inductive Reasoning - ANS- -smaller, more specific such as individual patients to come
to a conclusion (Small to big)
-linked to qualitative research
Nazi Experiments - ANS- -WWII physicians conducted unethical medical studies on
prisoners in concentration camps
-Resulted in the Nuremberg Code
Tuskegee study - ANS- -US Public Health Service recruited black men from Tuskegee,
Alabama to study the natural course of untreated syphilis
-Informed consent not obtained
-Study continued even after treatment for the disease was developed
-Led to the Belmont Report
, Individual nurse level
(one of the Five Levels of Collaboration) - ANS- -*Staff nurse* (RN): questions current
practice, member of EBP project, suggests resolutions for clinical issues based on
evidence
-*Nurse manager* (NM): creates microsystem for critical thinking, role models EBP
-*Advanced practice nurse* (APN): coach & mentor in EBP, locates evidence, uses
evidence to write/modify practice standards
-*Nurse executive*: ensures organizational & department commitment to EBP, assigns
accountability for EBP, provides resources to support EBP by direct care providers
personal experiences - ANS- -source of evidence that can help to build confidence and
hone skills, but experiences are biased by perceptions and values that are frequently
influenced by tradition, authority and trial and error
intuition - ANS- -source of evidence that is based on quick perception of truth without
conscious attention or reasoning
-health care based on stronger evidence is preferred than a "gut feeling"
-not a good source of evidence b/c nurses are expected to use logical reasoning
borrowed evidence - ANS- -source of evidence that fills gaps that exist in nursing
science and provides a basis on which to build new evidence
-stronger type of evidence because it is based on theory and science
-nurses should consider the fit of the evidence with the nursing phenomenon
scientific research - ANS- -source of evidence that yields the BEST info
-can use may diff. research methods to describe, explain, and predict phenomena that
are central to nursing care
-not all is equal; some types yield results that nurses can use with more confidence than
others
-experiments are considered more reliable than surveys
-syntheses (findings of multiple studies conducted about a particular topic) provide
results that can be used with even more confidence
examples of barriers to EBP - ANS- *know strategies to overcome barriers*
-lack of time
-lack of value placed on research in practice
-lack of knowledge about EBP and research
-lack of technological skills to find evidence
-lack of resources to access evidence
-lack of ability to read research
-resistance to change
-lack of organizational support for EBP
evidence-based practice - ANS- practice based on the best available evidence, patient
preferences, and clinical judgment
research - ANS- systematic study that leads to new knowledge and/or solutions to
problems or questions
research utilization - ANS- changing practice based on the results of a single research
study
Model of Diffusion of Innovations - ANS- -Explains the process of how EBP is integrated
into practice
-Process: Acquisition of knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, confirmation
(don't memorize steps)
-Begins with a small group of institutions (known as the early adopters) and eventually
spreads to the laggards (people/institutions that are slow to adopt change)
Quantitative Research - ANS- -Uses numbers that are then statistically analyzed
-Objective
Qualitative Research - ANS- -Uses words to describe human behaviors (detailed
description of meanings people give to their experiences)
-Subjective
Deductive Reasoning - ANS- -Broader, looks at data to come to a conclusion (Big to
small)
-linked to quantitative research
Inductive Reasoning - ANS- -smaller, more specific such as individual patients to come
to a conclusion (Small to big)
-linked to qualitative research
Nazi Experiments - ANS- -WWII physicians conducted unethical medical studies on
prisoners in concentration camps
-Resulted in the Nuremberg Code
Tuskegee study - ANS- -US Public Health Service recruited black men from Tuskegee,
Alabama to study the natural course of untreated syphilis
-Informed consent not obtained
-Study continued even after treatment for the disease was developed
-Led to the Belmont Report
, Individual nurse level
(one of the Five Levels of Collaboration) - ANS- -*Staff nurse* (RN): questions current
practice, member of EBP project, suggests resolutions for clinical issues based on
evidence
-*Nurse manager* (NM): creates microsystem for critical thinking, role models EBP
-*Advanced practice nurse* (APN): coach & mentor in EBP, locates evidence, uses
evidence to write/modify practice standards
-*Nurse executive*: ensures organizational & department commitment to EBP, assigns
accountability for EBP, provides resources to support EBP by direct care providers
personal experiences - ANS- -source of evidence that can help to build confidence and
hone skills, but experiences are biased by perceptions and values that are frequently
influenced by tradition, authority and trial and error
intuition - ANS- -source of evidence that is based on quick perception of truth without
conscious attention or reasoning
-health care based on stronger evidence is preferred than a "gut feeling"
-not a good source of evidence b/c nurses are expected to use logical reasoning
borrowed evidence - ANS- -source of evidence that fills gaps that exist in nursing
science and provides a basis on which to build new evidence
-stronger type of evidence because it is based on theory and science
-nurses should consider the fit of the evidence with the nursing phenomenon
scientific research - ANS- -source of evidence that yields the BEST info
-can use may diff. research methods to describe, explain, and predict phenomena that
are central to nursing care
-not all is equal; some types yield results that nurses can use with more confidence than
others
-experiments are considered more reliable than surveys
-syntheses (findings of multiple studies conducted about a particular topic) provide
results that can be used with even more confidence
examples of barriers to EBP - ANS- *know strategies to overcome barriers*
-lack of time
-lack of value placed on research in practice
-lack of knowledge about EBP and research
-lack of technological skills to find evidence
-lack of resources to access evidence
-lack of ability to read research
-resistance to change
-lack of organizational support for EBP
