Begrippen experiment
Inhoudsopgave
H6................................................................................................................. 1
H8................................................................................................................. 3
H9................................................................................................................. 4
H10............................................................................................................... 6
H11............................................................................................................... 7
H6
Research strategy = is a general approach to research determined by
the kind of question that the research hopes to answer.
Descriptive research strategy = not concerned with relationships
between variables but rather with the description of individual variables.
The goal of the descriptive strategy is to obtain an snapshot (a
description) of specific characteristics of a specific group of individuals.
Correlation research strategy = only attempts to describe the
relationship (if one exists); it is not trying to explain the relationship.
Experimental research strategy = is intended to answer cause-and-
effect questions about the relationship between two variables.
Quasi-experimental research strategy = uses some of the rigor and
control that exist in experiments; however, quasi-experimental studies
always contain a flaw that prevents the research from obtaining an
absolute cause-and-effect answer.
Nonexperimental research strategy = is intended to demonstrate a
relationship between variables, but it does not attempt to explain the
relationship. In particular, this strategy does not try to produce cause-and-
effect explanations.
Research design = a general plan for implementing a research strategy.
A research designs specifies whether the study will involve groups or
individual participants, will make comparisons within a group or between
groups, and how many variables will be included in the study.
Research procedure = an exact step-by-step description of a specific
research study.
, External validity = refers to the extent to which we can generalize the
results of a research study to people, settings, times, measures and
characteristics other than those used in the study.
- Threat to external validity = any characteristic of a study that
limits the ability to generalize the results from a research study.
Internal validity = a research stuy has internal validity if it produces a
single, unambiguous explanation for the relationship between two
variables.
- Threat to internal validity = any factor that allows for an
alternative explanation.
Novelty effect = participating in a research study is a novel. Often
exciting or anxiety-provoking experience for most individuals. In this
situation, individuals may perceive and respond differently than they
would in the normal, real world. This is called the novelty effect.
Extraneous variable = any variable in a research study other than the
specific variables being studied.
Confounding variable = an extraneous variable (usually unmonitored)
that changes systematically along with the two varaibles being studied. A
confounding variable provides an alternative explanation for the observed
relationship between the two variables, and, therefore, is a threat to
internal validity.
Individual differences = differences from one participant to antoher
such as age, height, weight, IQ and personality.
Artifact = an external factor that may influence or distort measures.
Because this can threaten the validity and reliability of measurements, it
also can threaten both the internal and external validity of the research
study.
Experimenter bias = occurs when the experimenter’s expectations or
personal beliefs regarding the outcome of the study influence the findings
of a study.
Demand characteristics and reactivity = Recall that demand characteristics refer to
any of the poten- tial cues or features of a study that (1) suggest to the
participants what the purpose and hypothesis is and (2) influence the participants
to respond or behave in a certain way. Also recall that reactivity occurs when
participants modify their natural behavior in response to the fact that they are
participating in a research study or the knowledge that they are being measured
Inhoudsopgave
H6................................................................................................................. 1
H8................................................................................................................. 3
H9................................................................................................................. 4
H10............................................................................................................... 6
H11............................................................................................................... 7
H6
Research strategy = is a general approach to research determined by
the kind of question that the research hopes to answer.
Descriptive research strategy = not concerned with relationships
between variables but rather with the description of individual variables.
The goal of the descriptive strategy is to obtain an snapshot (a
description) of specific characteristics of a specific group of individuals.
Correlation research strategy = only attempts to describe the
relationship (if one exists); it is not trying to explain the relationship.
Experimental research strategy = is intended to answer cause-and-
effect questions about the relationship between two variables.
Quasi-experimental research strategy = uses some of the rigor and
control that exist in experiments; however, quasi-experimental studies
always contain a flaw that prevents the research from obtaining an
absolute cause-and-effect answer.
Nonexperimental research strategy = is intended to demonstrate a
relationship between variables, but it does not attempt to explain the
relationship. In particular, this strategy does not try to produce cause-and-
effect explanations.
Research design = a general plan for implementing a research strategy.
A research designs specifies whether the study will involve groups or
individual participants, will make comparisons within a group or between
groups, and how many variables will be included in the study.
Research procedure = an exact step-by-step description of a specific
research study.
, External validity = refers to the extent to which we can generalize the
results of a research study to people, settings, times, measures and
characteristics other than those used in the study.
- Threat to external validity = any characteristic of a study that
limits the ability to generalize the results from a research study.
Internal validity = a research stuy has internal validity if it produces a
single, unambiguous explanation for the relationship between two
variables.
- Threat to internal validity = any factor that allows for an
alternative explanation.
Novelty effect = participating in a research study is a novel. Often
exciting or anxiety-provoking experience for most individuals. In this
situation, individuals may perceive and respond differently than they
would in the normal, real world. This is called the novelty effect.
Extraneous variable = any variable in a research study other than the
specific variables being studied.
Confounding variable = an extraneous variable (usually unmonitored)
that changes systematically along with the two varaibles being studied. A
confounding variable provides an alternative explanation for the observed
relationship between the two variables, and, therefore, is a threat to
internal validity.
Individual differences = differences from one participant to antoher
such as age, height, weight, IQ and personality.
Artifact = an external factor that may influence or distort measures.
Because this can threaten the validity and reliability of measurements, it
also can threaten both the internal and external validity of the research
study.
Experimenter bias = occurs when the experimenter’s expectations or
personal beliefs regarding the outcome of the study influence the findings
of a study.
Demand characteristics and reactivity = Recall that demand characteristics refer to
any of the poten- tial cues or features of a study that (1) suggest to the
participants what the purpose and hypothesis is and (2) influence the participants
to respond or behave in a certain way. Also recall that reactivity occurs when
participants modify their natural behavior in response to the fact that they are
participating in a research study or the knowledge that they are being measured
