NR 507 FINAL EXAM
Dermatomes - ANS area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a single spinal sensory nerve
root. These spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal cord, and their branches reach to
the periphery of the body.
Substance release at the synapse - ANS Acetylcholine- Excitatory or inhibitory- alzheimers
Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). parkinson disease
Spondylolysis - ANS structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental defect) in the pars
interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the posterior structures). The
lumbar spine at L5 is affected most often.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal defects
motor and sensory areas of the brain - ANS Parietal lobe- major area for somatic sensory input, located
along the postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent to the primary motor area in the precentral gyrus.
Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus forming the primary
voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor
Ischemic penumbra - ANS ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue. Peri-infarct tissue.
-no structural damage
,Cerebral infarction - ANS ischemic- white infarct (affected area is pale and soft 6-12 hours after). necrosis
appears by 48 to 72 hours.
Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves around the 2nd week.
glial scarring.
excitotoxins - ANS Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate release and cause neuron
suicide.
Agnosia - ANS the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
-Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L angular gyrus
(Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - ANS Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the cerebrospinal fluid
circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots, impairs CSF circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
Meningitis - ANS Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococcus bacteria are most common
Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF
, Prostate cancer prevention - ANS -Eat a low fat diet
- Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents
BPH and the urinary system - ANS - Chronic inflammation
-Bladder outflow obstruction
-Urge to pee often
-delay in starting stream
- Decreased force of stream
-Urinary retention/ overflow incontinence (late sign)
Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention, hydronephrosis, renal insufficiency
Cause of respiratory Alkalosis - ANS - fever
-anemia,
-anxiety, panic
-thyrotoxicosis
-hyperventilation
buffer molecules - ANS -Plasma- Bicarbonate-carbonic acid and HGB.
-Intracellular- Phosphate and protein
Renal- Ammonia and Phosphate
Cushing's disease - ANS - Excess endogenous secretion of ACTH (Corticotropin).
-from a pituitary adenoma or by an ectopic secreting non pituitary tumor such as small cell carcinoma of
the lung.or adrenal tumor (rare)
Dermatomes - ANS area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a single spinal sensory nerve
root. These spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal cord, and their branches reach to
the periphery of the body.
Substance release at the synapse - ANS Acetylcholine- Excitatory or inhibitory- alzheimers
Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). parkinson disease
Spondylolysis - ANS structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental defect) in the pars
interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the posterior structures). The
lumbar spine at L5 is affected most often.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal defects
motor and sensory areas of the brain - ANS Parietal lobe- major area for somatic sensory input, located
along the postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent to the primary motor area in the precentral gyrus.
Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus forming the primary
voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor
Ischemic penumbra - ANS ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue. Peri-infarct tissue.
-no structural damage
,Cerebral infarction - ANS ischemic- white infarct (affected area is pale and soft 6-12 hours after). necrosis
appears by 48 to 72 hours.
Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves around the 2nd week.
glial scarring.
excitotoxins - ANS Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate release and cause neuron
suicide.
Agnosia - ANS the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
-Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L angular gyrus
(Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - ANS Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the cerebrospinal fluid
circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots, impairs CSF circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
Meningitis - ANS Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococcus bacteria are most common
Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF
, Prostate cancer prevention - ANS -Eat a low fat diet
- Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents
BPH and the urinary system - ANS - Chronic inflammation
-Bladder outflow obstruction
-Urge to pee often
-delay in starting stream
- Decreased force of stream
-Urinary retention/ overflow incontinence (late sign)
Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention, hydronephrosis, renal insufficiency
Cause of respiratory Alkalosis - ANS - fever
-anemia,
-anxiety, panic
-thyrotoxicosis
-hyperventilation
buffer molecules - ANS -Plasma- Bicarbonate-carbonic acid and HGB.
-Intracellular- Phosphate and protein
Renal- Ammonia and Phosphate
Cushing's disease - ANS - Excess endogenous secretion of ACTH (Corticotropin).
-from a pituitary adenoma or by an ectopic secreting non pituitary tumor such as small cell carcinoma of
the lung.or adrenal tumor (rare)
