WhoAdiscoveredAtheAfirstAantibiotic?A-AANSWERAAlexanderAFlemingAinA1928
WhatAisAtheAleadingAcauseAofAantibioticAresistance?A-
AANSWERAExcessiveAandAinappropriateAuseAofAantibioticAagents.
WhatAareAriskAfactorsAforAhavingAaAdrug-resistantApathogen?A-
AANSWERATheAleadingAriskAfactorsAincludeArecentAuseAofAantibiotics,AageAyoungerAthanA2AorAolderAt
hanA65,Aday-
careAcenterAattendance,AexposureAtoAyoungAchildren,AmultipleAmedicalAcomorbidities,ArecentAhospita
lization,AandAimmunosuppression.
HowAmanyAantibioticAclassesAareAaffectedAbyAbacterialAresistance?A-AANSWERAEveryAantibioticAclass.
PenicillinsA-AANSWERAareAcharacterizedAchemicallyAbyAtheA6-
aminopenicillanicAacidAjoinedAtoAtheAbeta-lactamAring.
WhatAareAtheAfourApenicillinAsubclasses?A-AANSWERA(1)Apenicillinase-
sensitiveAorAnaturalApenicillins,A(2)Aaminopenicillins,A(3)Apenicillinase-resistantAorAanti-
staphylococcalApenicillins,AandA(4)Aanti-pseudomonalAorAextended-spectrumApenicillins.
HowAdoApenicillinsAhinderAbacterialAgrowth?A-
AANSWERAbyAinhibitingAtheAbiosynthesisAofAbacterialAcellAwallAmucopeptideA(alsoAcalledAmureinAorA
peptidoglycan).
WhatAdoApenicillinsAbindAto?A-
AANSWERAtheAcellAwallAduringAtheAterminalAstagesAofAcellAwallAformation.
,DuringAwhatApointAareApenicillinsAmostAeffective?A-
AANSWERAduringAactiveAcellularAmultiplication.ALowerAdrugAconcentrationsAmayAresultAinAbacteriosta
ticAeffectsAonly.
WhatAhasAreducedAtheAbreadthAofAorgansimsAthatApenicillinAcanAtreat?A-AANSWERApenicillinase-
producingAorganisms.
WhatAisAtheAonlyAnaturalApenicillinAcommerciallyAavailable?A-AANSWERApenicillin.
WhatAisApenicillinA(naturallyAoccurringAtype)AactiveAagainst?A-AANSWERAaerobic,Agram-
positiveAorganisms.
NameAaminopenicillins.A-AANSWERAampicillinAandAamoxicillan.
WhatAareAaminopenicillinsAactiveAagainst?A-AANSWERAgram-
positiveAorganism,AandAgreaterAactivityAagainstAgram-
negativeAbacteriaAbecauseAofAtheirAenhancedAabilityAtoApenetrateAtheAouterAmembraneAofAtheseAor
ganisms.
WhatAcausesAclostridiumAdifficileAinfection?A-AANSWERAuseAofAbroad-
spectrumApenicillins,AorAprolongedAorArepeatAtherapyAwithAanyAbroad-
spectrumAantibacterial,AmayAresultAinAbacterialAorAfungalAovergrowthA(i.e.,Asuperinfection)AofAnon-
susceptibleAorganisms.
HowAdoesAc-diffAmanifest?A-
AANSWERAitAisAaAsuperinfectionAthatAmanifestsAasAdiarrheaAthatAmayAoccurAduringAtherapyAorAupAto
AseveralAweeksAafterAdisontinuationAofAtheAantibiotic.AItAmayApresentAwithAwateryAorAbloodyAdiarrh
ea,AaccompaniedAbyAsevereAabdominalAcrampsAandApain,Afever,AandApseudomembranousAcolitis.
, WhatAisAtheAtreatmentAforAc-diff?A-
AANSWERAdiscontinuanceAofAtheAantibiotic,AbutAifAdefinitiveAdiagnosisAisAmade,AtreatmentAwithAoral
Ametronidazole,AoralAvancomycin,AorAfidaxomicinAisArequired.
WhatAisAtheAtopAantibioticAprescribedAtoAchildren?A-AANSWERAamoxicillin.
WhatAisAtheAcriteriaAforAacuteAsinusitis?A-
AANSWERApersistentAthick,Aopaque,AorAdiscoloredAnasalAdischargeAwithoutAimprovementAforAmoreAt
hanA10Adays.
WhichAantibioticsAmayAinduceAhemorrhagicAmanifestationsAinApatientsAwhoAhaveAanemia,Athromboc
ytopenia,Agranulocytopenia,AorAboneAmarrowAdepression,AorAareAtakingAanticoagulants?A-
AANSWERAmexlocillin,AcarbenicillinA(parenteral),AandApiperacillin.
WhatAbacteriaAisAresponsibleAforA85%AofAcommunity-
acquiredAUTIsAandA50%AofAhospitalAacquiredAUTIs?A-AANSWERAe.-coli.
WhatAisAtheAfirstAlineAtherapyAforAprophylaxisAofAinfectionAfollowingAanimalAbites,AincludingAcats,Ado
gs,AandAhumans?A-AANSWERAamoxiciilin/clavulanate.
WhatAisAleadingAcauseAofAneonatalAmorbidityAandAmortalityAwithinAtheAU.S.?A-
AANSWERAsepsisAcausedAbyAgroupABAstreptococciA(GBS).
HowAmanyAgenerationsAofAcephalosporinsAareAthere?A-AANSWERAthereAareAfive.
WhatAwarrantsAaAstoolAtestAforAC.AdifficileAtoxinAinAaApatientAreceivingAorAhavingAcompletedAbroad-
spectrumAantibioticAtreatment.A-
AANSWERAmoreAthanAthreeAwatery,AunformedAstoolsAperAdayAorAbloodAinAtheAstool.