NR 283 Final Exam Review
Chamberlain 100% Correct.
Osetoporosis - ANSWERDecreased Bone Mineral Density
Osteoporosis Pathophysiology - ANSWERBone remodeling leads to increased bone
reabsorption, leads to decreased bone formation causing thin fragile bones leading
to fractures. Increased osteoclast activity and decreased osteoblast activity.
Risk factors for Osteoporosis - ANSWER1. Postmenopausal women
2. Aging
3. Sedentary Lifestyle
4. Hyperthyroidism
5. Smoking
Rheumatoid Arthritis - ANSWERAutoimmune disorder causing chronic systemic
inflammation
Pathophysiology Rheumatoid Arthritis - ANSWER1. Neutrophils degrade surface
layer of cartilage
2. Inflammatory cytokines breakdown cartilage & bone
3. T-Cells cause fibroblasts to turn into a thick abnormal layer of tissue
4. Inflammation is constant & spreads to ALL synovial joints
Difference between Osteoarthritis & Rheumatoid Arthritis - ANSWEROsteoarthritis is
a degenerative condition due to "wear and tear" cartilage breaks down causing stiff
joints and pain.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disorder. Additional symptoms
include fever and affects all synovial joints.
Acute Pain - ANSWERCondition last < 3 months. Body's protective mechanism. Can
be classified as somatic, visceral, or referred.
Chronic pain - ANSWERLasts > 6 months. Non-protective, Poorly understood.
Neuropathic pain - ANSWERDysfunction of the nervous system. i.e. Fibromyalgia
Pain management - ANSWERWhat is the treatment that increases or decreases
transmission of pain signals.
Neurotransmitters - ANSWERWhat are the chemicals that the nervous system uses
to communicate with a brain.
Pain Transduction - ANSWERNociceptors receptor at the end of a sensory neuron's
axon that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending possible
threat signals to the spinal cord and the brain
, Pain transmission - ANSWERWhat pain pathway signal goes to the central nervous
system
Pain perception - ANSWERPain pathway how the brain interprets the pain signal
Pain threshold - ANSWERMinimum amount of stimuli that it takes for you to perceive
pain. This pathway is the same for everyone
Pain tolerance - ANSWERThe amount of pain the body can handle before you
involuntarily remove the stimuli.
Afferent - ANSWERThe type of pain that transmit from the peripheral nervous
system to the central nervous system
Efferent - ANSWERWhen the pain goes from the central nervous system to the
peripheral nervous system tell somebody how to react.
Endorphins - ANSWERChemicals released usually during exercise to prevent pain
transmission signals.
Serotonin and GABA - ANSWERWhat chemical reduces translation of pain. This
usually happens after the labor/childbirth
Seizures - ANSWERThis condition as a result of massive firing of neurons all at the
same time.
Why are seizures life-threatening? - ANSWERCan cause aspiration, trauma,
hypoxia, hypoglycemia.
What are typical causes of seizures? - ANSWERMetabolic, congenital, genetic,
prenatal, trauma, infection, tumor, vascular disease, drugs and alcohol abuse.
Preictal phase (prodromal) - ANSWERSeizure phase where the patient experiences
nausea, irritabliliy, muscle twitching, and hours before the event.
Preictal Phase (Aura) - ANSWERSeizure phase when the patient experiences visual
or auditory sensations. Typically right before seizure.
Ictal Phase (Tonic) - ANSWERSeizure phase when the patient is actually
experiencing muscle contractions, Increased rigidity, tight jaw and loses
consciousness
Ictal Phase (Clonic) - ANSWERSeizure phase when the patient is experiencing
muscle contractions and relaxation, jerking type movements and increase salivation.
Postictal Phase - ANSWERSeizure phase when the patient typically is confused, has
it decreased level of consciousness, has aching muscles and fatigued
Ischemic Stroke (Thrombotic) - ANSWERCondition when an occlusion forms in the
brain caused by atherosclerosis.
Chamberlain 100% Correct.
Osetoporosis - ANSWERDecreased Bone Mineral Density
Osteoporosis Pathophysiology - ANSWERBone remodeling leads to increased bone
reabsorption, leads to decreased bone formation causing thin fragile bones leading
to fractures. Increased osteoclast activity and decreased osteoblast activity.
Risk factors for Osteoporosis - ANSWER1. Postmenopausal women
2. Aging
3. Sedentary Lifestyle
4. Hyperthyroidism
5. Smoking
Rheumatoid Arthritis - ANSWERAutoimmune disorder causing chronic systemic
inflammation
Pathophysiology Rheumatoid Arthritis - ANSWER1. Neutrophils degrade surface
layer of cartilage
2. Inflammatory cytokines breakdown cartilage & bone
3. T-Cells cause fibroblasts to turn into a thick abnormal layer of tissue
4. Inflammation is constant & spreads to ALL synovial joints
Difference between Osteoarthritis & Rheumatoid Arthritis - ANSWEROsteoarthritis is
a degenerative condition due to "wear and tear" cartilage breaks down causing stiff
joints and pain.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disorder. Additional symptoms
include fever and affects all synovial joints.
Acute Pain - ANSWERCondition last < 3 months. Body's protective mechanism. Can
be classified as somatic, visceral, or referred.
Chronic pain - ANSWERLasts > 6 months. Non-protective, Poorly understood.
Neuropathic pain - ANSWERDysfunction of the nervous system. i.e. Fibromyalgia
Pain management - ANSWERWhat is the treatment that increases or decreases
transmission of pain signals.
Neurotransmitters - ANSWERWhat are the chemicals that the nervous system uses
to communicate with a brain.
Pain Transduction - ANSWERNociceptors receptor at the end of a sensory neuron's
axon that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending possible
threat signals to the spinal cord and the brain
, Pain transmission - ANSWERWhat pain pathway signal goes to the central nervous
system
Pain perception - ANSWERPain pathway how the brain interprets the pain signal
Pain threshold - ANSWERMinimum amount of stimuli that it takes for you to perceive
pain. This pathway is the same for everyone
Pain tolerance - ANSWERThe amount of pain the body can handle before you
involuntarily remove the stimuli.
Afferent - ANSWERThe type of pain that transmit from the peripheral nervous
system to the central nervous system
Efferent - ANSWERWhen the pain goes from the central nervous system to the
peripheral nervous system tell somebody how to react.
Endorphins - ANSWERChemicals released usually during exercise to prevent pain
transmission signals.
Serotonin and GABA - ANSWERWhat chemical reduces translation of pain. This
usually happens after the labor/childbirth
Seizures - ANSWERThis condition as a result of massive firing of neurons all at the
same time.
Why are seizures life-threatening? - ANSWERCan cause aspiration, trauma,
hypoxia, hypoglycemia.
What are typical causes of seizures? - ANSWERMetabolic, congenital, genetic,
prenatal, trauma, infection, tumor, vascular disease, drugs and alcohol abuse.
Preictal phase (prodromal) - ANSWERSeizure phase where the patient experiences
nausea, irritabliliy, muscle twitching, and hours before the event.
Preictal Phase (Aura) - ANSWERSeizure phase when the patient experiences visual
or auditory sensations. Typically right before seizure.
Ictal Phase (Tonic) - ANSWERSeizure phase when the patient is actually
experiencing muscle contractions, Increased rigidity, tight jaw and loses
consciousness
Ictal Phase (Clonic) - ANSWERSeizure phase when the patient is experiencing
muscle contractions and relaxation, jerking type movements and increase salivation.
Postictal Phase - ANSWERSeizure phase when the patient typically is confused, has
it decreased level of consciousness, has aching muscles and fatigued
Ischemic Stroke (Thrombotic) - ANSWERCondition when an occlusion forms in the
brain caused by atherosclerosis.
