SCSU PCH342 Final Exam Questions
And Answers
What are the 3 categories that diseases are grouped in? - ANSWER>>1.
Infectious diseases (communicable)
2. Chronic disease (non-communicable)
3. Injuries
What is the epidemic curve? - ANSWER>>It rises until it hits a peak
(epidemic); when everyone is wiped out. It then begins to decline back
to its "normal occurrence level of disease" (endemic). Surveillance can
reverse the pattern
What is an endemic? - ANSWER>>Normal occurrence level of disease in
a given time and place
What are the 3 principles of epidemiology? - ANSWER>>1. Distribution
of disease occurrences
2. Determination of disease etiology (oringinal cause of disease)
3. The control of disease occurrence
What is surveillance? - ANSWER>>The continued watchfulness over the
distribution and trends of incidence through the systematic collection,
consolidation, and evaluation of morbidity and mortality reports and
other relevant data, and the regular dissemination of data to all who
need to know
,What are the steps to disease control? - ANSWER>>1. Prevention
2. Treatment
3. Health promotion
What is a pandemic? - ANSWER>>An epidemic occurring over a very
wide area, crossing international boundaries, and usually affecting a
large number of people.
What is epidemiology? - ANSWER>>Epidemiology is the study of the
distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in
specified populations and the application of this study to the control of
health problems
What is an epidemiologist? - ANSWER>>An investigator who studies the
occurrence of disease or other health-related conditions or events in
defined populations. The control of disease in population is often also
considered to be a task for the epidemiologist
What is an epidemic? - ANSWER>>An increase in the number of cases
over past experience for a given population, time and place
What is needed to define an epidemic? - ANSWER>>Surveillance
What is a "recipe" for an epidemic? - ANSWER>>• Increased amount of
a pathogen, agent or toxic material
• Exposed and susceptible persons
• Common circumstances which lead to occurrence of an epidemic
(a) Susceptible
, (b) A new pathogen is introduced
(c) Changes in behavioral, sexual or cultural practices
(d) Host altered by drug-induced immunosuppression or nutrition
What are the steps in an epidemic investigation? - ANSWER>>•
Establish existence
• Verify diagnosis
• Define and identify cases
• Describe person, place and time
• Develop and test hypothesis
• Implement control
What are the steps in an outbreak investigation? - ANSWER>>1. Define
the epidemic
2. Examine the distribution of cases
3. Look for the combination (interactions) of relevant variables
4. Develop hypothesis
5. Test hypothesis
6. Recommend control measures
Explain *step 1* of an outbreak investigation - ANSWER>>Define the
epidemic
(a) Define the numerator (cases)
1. Clinical features: is the disease known?
2. What are it's serologic or cultural aspects?
3. Are the causes partially understood
(b) Define the denominator": what are the populations at risk of
developing disease?
And Answers
What are the 3 categories that diseases are grouped in? - ANSWER>>1.
Infectious diseases (communicable)
2. Chronic disease (non-communicable)
3. Injuries
What is the epidemic curve? - ANSWER>>It rises until it hits a peak
(epidemic); when everyone is wiped out. It then begins to decline back
to its "normal occurrence level of disease" (endemic). Surveillance can
reverse the pattern
What is an endemic? - ANSWER>>Normal occurrence level of disease in
a given time and place
What are the 3 principles of epidemiology? - ANSWER>>1. Distribution
of disease occurrences
2. Determination of disease etiology (oringinal cause of disease)
3. The control of disease occurrence
What is surveillance? - ANSWER>>The continued watchfulness over the
distribution and trends of incidence through the systematic collection,
consolidation, and evaluation of morbidity and mortality reports and
other relevant data, and the regular dissemination of data to all who
need to know
,What are the steps to disease control? - ANSWER>>1. Prevention
2. Treatment
3. Health promotion
What is a pandemic? - ANSWER>>An epidemic occurring over a very
wide area, crossing international boundaries, and usually affecting a
large number of people.
What is epidemiology? - ANSWER>>Epidemiology is the study of the
distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in
specified populations and the application of this study to the control of
health problems
What is an epidemiologist? - ANSWER>>An investigator who studies the
occurrence of disease or other health-related conditions or events in
defined populations. The control of disease in population is often also
considered to be a task for the epidemiologist
What is an epidemic? - ANSWER>>An increase in the number of cases
over past experience for a given population, time and place
What is needed to define an epidemic? - ANSWER>>Surveillance
What is a "recipe" for an epidemic? - ANSWER>>• Increased amount of
a pathogen, agent or toxic material
• Exposed and susceptible persons
• Common circumstances which lead to occurrence of an epidemic
(a) Susceptible
, (b) A new pathogen is introduced
(c) Changes in behavioral, sexual or cultural practices
(d) Host altered by drug-induced immunosuppression or nutrition
What are the steps in an epidemic investigation? - ANSWER>>•
Establish existence
• Verify diagnosis
• Define and identify cases
• Describe person, place and time
• Develop and test hypothesis
• Implement control
What are the steps in an outbreak investigation? - ANSWER>>1. Define
the epidemic
2. Examine the distribution of cases
3. Look for the combination (interactions) of relevant variables
4. Develop hypothesis
5. Test hypothesis
6. Recommend control measures
Explain *step 1* of an outbreak investigation - ANSWER>>Define the
epidemic
(a) Define the numerator (cases)
1. Clinical features: is the disease known?
2. What are it's serologic or cultural aspects?
3. Are the causes partially understood
(b) Define the denominator": what are the populations at risk of
developing disease?
