WGU pathophysiology D236
An ascending lower urinary tract infection (more commonly in women or during
pregnancy) often leads to which condition? - ANS - Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis
Nephrolithiasis Acute Kidney Injury
An imbalance of secretions can lead to GI issues. Which of these blocks the function of
parietal cells?
A. Gastrin
B. Endoscopy
C. Histamine
D. PPIs (Proton Pump Inhibitors) - ANS - Histamine
Choose three of the seven roles (of your choice) of the integumentary system.
Describe the vital physiological function that each role serves.
Provide at least two examples that illustrate the function for each role you have chosen.
- ANS - 1) Indicator of general health. Changes in the color of skin or nailbeds can
indicate diseases of heart, liver, or blood cell synthesis. Examples: see slides provided.
Anemia /shock: pallor. Oxygen deficit: blue skin.
2) Barrier protection. Protect body from chemical and environmental hazards. The
stratum corneum is a barrier to antigens and is waterproof.
3) Thermoregulation. Maintain a constant body temperature. Temperature sensors in
the dermis send signal to thermoregulatory center in hypothalamus. If warm, will sweat
and have capillary dilation. If cold, hairs stand up, surface vessels constrict, and body
shivers.
4) Immunological surveillance. Non-specific protection from antigens. Keratinocytes
secrete keratin and regulate immune response.
5) Excretion/absorption. Regulate composition and volume of sweat, and help to
manage total fluid volume. Many substances pass into and out of body through skin.
See slides for more.
,6) Mirror for internal disease processes. External signs of internal immune
response/inflammatory processes, such as wheals, blisters, and bullae.
7) Production of Vitamin D. Regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Role in
bone development.
Compare and contrast hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
What are some reasons for a patient choosing one over the other? - ANS -
Hemodialysis uses a machine to pump blood from the body in one tube while dialysate
(made of water, electrolytes and salts) is pumped in the separate tube in the opposite
direction. Waste from the blood diffuses through the semipermeable membrane
separating the blood from the dialysate.
Peritoneal Dialysis does not use a machine, but instead injects a solution of water and
glucose into the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum acts as the membrane instead of
dialysis tubing. The waste products diffuse into the abdominal cavity and the waste
solution is then drained from the body.
Peritoneal dialysis offers continuous filtration and is less disruption to the patient's daily
routines. However, it does require some training of the patient and is not recommended
for individuals who are overweight or have severe kidney failure.
Hemodialysis provides medical care, but 3 times a week for several hours sitting at a
hospital or clinic. Individuals with acute kidney failure are recommended to use
hemodialysis.
Compare and contrast obstructive vs non-obstructive causes of male infertility.
Provide examples of each, including their causes. - ANS - Obstructive: infections,
vasectomy, swelling, blockage.
Examples include varicocele (enlargement of blood vessels in testicles), cryptorchidism
(undescended testicles), blockages of ducts that deliver semen, and retrograde
ejaculation.
Non-obstructive: deficiencies in sperm production or function.
,Examples include antisperm antibodies, microdeletions on chromosome Y or in AR
gene that cause insufficient development or hormone delivery, low count, impaired
shape or movement, etc.
Compare and contrast otitus media and Meniere's disease.
In the discussion, include the part of the ear affected, the symptoms, general age of
people affected, and treatment strategies. - ANS - Otitis media occurs most commonly
in children, it affects the middle ear space, causes earache, fever, hearing loss, and can
be treated by antibiotics.
Meniere's disease most commonly occurs in individuals 40-50 years old, it affects the
inner ear, causes hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and can be treated by low-salt diet,
diuretics, and anti-inflammatory meds.
Compare and contrast Type I and Type II Diabetes - ANS - Type I diabetes is caused
by lack of insulin. With out insulin signaling, glucose will not be taken into the cell and
leads to high blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Type I is usually treated with insulin
injections.
Type II diabetes is caused by a desensitization to insulin signaling. The insulin receptors
are no longer responding to insulin, which also leads to hyperglycemia.
Type II is usually treated with drugs to increase the sensitization to insulin (metformin),
dietary and life-style changes or insulin injections.
Compare hormonal vs neural signals. Comment on the need for these differences
based on the response time required.
Hint: Think about the steroidal vs non-steroidal hormone response to electrochemical
signals fired by neurons - ANS - Both hormonal and neural signals are required for our
body to respond to environmental and developmental changes.
Neuronal responses are almost immediate, allowing responses such as the ability to
move and balance, the 5 senses, and the regulation of autonomic responses.
Hormonal responses are more long term, allowing reactions that can occur over several
minutes or even over several days!
, This allows for negative feedback loops to occur to maintain our body's responses over
a longer period.
Describe a primary cause of aspiration.
What other disorders pose a significant risk associated with aspiration? - ANS - A
person with dysphagia is much more likely to aspirate. Dysphagia is more common in
older adults.
Stroke is a very common cause of both dysphagia and aspiration.
Risk factors for breathing in (aspiration) of foreign material into the lungs are:
Being less alert due to medicines illness surgery or other reasons
Describe Albinism ?
What portions of the body are negatively affected by Albinism? - ANS - Albinism is a
genetic disorder in which the body does not produce the skin pigment melanin. Lack of
melanin negatively impacts the skin and eyes:
The skin of albinos is easily sunburned and these individuals are prone to skin cancers.
The eyes of albinos are sensitive to and easily damaged by sunlight and albinos
frequently have issues with vision.
Describe at least 3 problems observed throughout the body as a result of End Stage
Renal Disease (ESRD) and why this problem is caused by poor kidney function.
What are the two treatments for ESRD? - ANS - Uremic frost from high urea,
hypertension from elevated renin, anemia from lack of EPO, etc.,Kidney transplant and
dialysis,Problems that are commonly associated with ESRD are edema, hypertension
and uremic frost.
Edema and hypertension occur due to kidneys not being able to filter water out of the
bloodstream.
Swelling and increased blood pressure result. Uremic frost occurs because urea builds
up in the body and as one sweats urea is deposited on the skin forming crystals as the
sweat evaporates.
An ascending lower urinary tract infection (more commonly in women or during
pregnancy) often leads to which condition? - ANS - Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis
Nephrolithiasis Acute Kidney Injury
An imbalance of secretions can lead to GI issues. Which of these blocks the function of
parietal cells?
A. Gastrin
B. Endoscopy
C. Histamine
D. PPIs (Proton Pump Inhibitors) - ANS - Histamine
Choose three of the seven roles (of your choice) of the integumentary system.
Describe the vital physiological function that each role serves.
Provide at least two examples that illustrate the function for each role you have chosen.
- ANS - 1) Indicator of general health. Changes in the color of skin or nailbeds can
indicate diseases of heart, liver, or blood cell synthesis. Examples: see slides provided.
Anemia /shock: pallor. Oxygen deficit: blue skin.
2) Barrier protection. Protect body from chemical and environmental hazards. The
stratum corneum is a barrier to antigens and is waterproof.
3) Thermoregulation. Maintain a constant body temperature. Temperature sensors in
the dermis send signal to thermoregulatory center in hypothalamus. If warm, will sweat
and have capillary dilation. If cold, hairs stand up, surface vessels constrict, and body
shivers.
4) Immunological surveillance. Non-specific protection from antigens. Keratinocytes
secrete keratin and regulate immune response.
5) Excretion/absorption. Regulate composition and volume of sweat, and help to
manage total fluid volume. Many substances pass into and out of body through skin.
See slides for more.
,6) Mirror for internal disease processes. External signs of internal immune
response/inflammatory processes, such as wheals, blisters, and bullae.
7) Production of Vitamin D. Regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Role in
bone development.
Compare and contrast hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
What are some reasons for a patient choosing one over the other? - ANS -
Hemodialysis uses a machine to pump blood from the body in one tube while dialysate
(made of water, electrolytes and salts) is pumped in the separate tube in the opposite
direction. Waste from the blood diffuses through the semipermeable membrane
separating the blood from the dialysate.
Peritoneal Dialysis does not use a machine, but instead injects a solution of water and
glucose into the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum acts as the membrane instead of
dialysis tubing. The waste products diffuse into the abdominal cavity and the waste
solution is then drained from the body.
Peritoneal dialysis offers continuous filtration and is less disruption to the patient's daily
routines. However, it does require some training of the patient and is not recommended
for individuals who are overweight or have severe kidney failure.
Hemodialysis provides medical care, but 3 times a week for several hours sitting at a
hospital or clinic. Individuals with acute kidney failure are recommended to use
hemodialysis.
Compare and contrast obstructive vs non-obstructive causes of male infertility.
Provide examples of each, including their causes. - ANS - Obstructive: infections,
vasectomy, swelling, blockage.
Examples include varicocele (enlargement of blood vessels in testicles), cryptorchidism
(undescended testicles), blockages of ducts that deliver semen, and retrograde
ejaculation.
Non-obstructive: deficiencies in sperm production or function.
,Examples include antisperm antibodies, microdeletions on chromosome Y or in AR
gene that cause insufficient development or hormone delivery, low count, impaired
shape or movement, etc.
Compare and contrast otitus media and Meniere's disease.
In the discussion, include the part of the ear affected, the symptoms, general age of
people affected, and treatment strategies. - ANS - Otitis media occurs most commonly
in children, it affects the middle ear space, causes earache, fever, hearing loss, and can
be treated by antibiotics.
Meniere's disease most commonly occurs in individuals 40-50 years old, it affects the
inner ear, causes hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and can be treated by low-salt diet,
diuretics, and anti-inflammatory meds.
Compare and contrast Type I and Type II Diabetes - ANS - Type I diabetes is caused
by lack of insulin. With out insulin signaling, glucose will not be taken into the cell and
leads to high blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Type I is usually treated with insulin
injections.
Type II diabetes is caused by a desensitization to insulin signaling. The insulin receptors
are no longer responding to insulin, which also leads to hyperglycemia.
Type II is usually treated with drugs to increase the sensitization to insulin (metformin),
dietary and life-style changes or insulin injections.
Compare hormonal vs neural signals. Comment on the need for these differences
based on the response time required.
Hint: Think about the steroidal vs non-steroidal hormone response to electrochemical
signals fired by neurons - ANS - Both hormonal and neural signals are required for our
body to respond to environmental and developmental changes.
Neuronal responses are almost immediate, allowing responses such as the ability to
move and balance, the 5 senses, and the regulation of autonomic responses.
Hormonal responses are more long term, allowing reactions that can occur over several
minutes or even over several days!
, This allows for negative feedback loops to occur to maintain our body's responses over
a longer period.
Describe a primary cause of aspiration.
What other disorders pose a significant risk associated with aspiration? - ANS - A
person with dysphagia is much more likely to aspirate. Dysphagia is more common in
older adults.
Stroke is a very common cause of both dysphagia and aspiration.
Risk factors for breathing in (aspiration) of foreign material into the lungs are:
Being less alert due to medicines illness surgery or other reasons
Describe Albinism ?
What portions of the body are negatively affected by Albinism? - ANS - Albinism is a
genetic disorder in which the body does not produce the skin pigment melanin. Lack of
melanin negatively impacts the skin and eyes:
The skin of albinos is easily sunburned and these individuals are prone to skin cancers.
The eyes of albinos are sensitive to and easily damaged by sunlight and albinos
frequently have issues with vision.
Describe at least 3 problems observed throughout the body as a result of End Stage
Renal Disease (ESRD) and why this problem is caused by poor kidney function.
What are the two treatments for ESRD? - ANS - Uremic frost from high urea,
hypertension from elevated renin, anemia from lack of EPO, etc.,Kidney transplant and
dialysis,Problems that are commonly associated with ESRD are edema, hypertension
and uremic frost.
Edema and hypertension occur due to kidneys not being able to filter water out of the
bloodstream.
Swelling and increased blood pressure result. Uremic frost occurs because urea builds
up in the body and as one sweats urea is deposited on the skin forming crystals as the
sweat evaporates.
