Inhoud
1 Introduction: the world of work..........................................................................................................6
1.1 What is work?...............................................................................................................................6
1.2 How does the world of work look like?.........................................................................................6
1.3 What will we see in this course?...................................................................................................7
2 SOTA 1: The post-industrial labour market – is more inequality inevitable?........................................9
2.1 Setting the scene: Short history of post Golden Age thinking about labour markets in
industrialised countries......................................................................................................................9
2.1.1 Les Trente Glorieuses...........................................................................................................10
2.1.2 The first oil price shock (1973).............................................................................................10
2.1.3 Mass unemployment ensues...............................................................................................10
2.1.4 The Golden Age ends...........................................................................................................10
2.1.5 Unemployment explodes.....................................................................................................11
2.1.6 A new social question?........................................................................................................11
2.1.7 Storyline 1 – Globalization has fundamentally changed things............................................11
2.1.8 Storyline 2 – Technology is destroying jobs..........................................................................12
2.1.9 And yet - the puzzle.............................................................................................................12
2.2 The factor globalization: a threat to less skilled workers in rich economies?..............................13
2.2.1 Now over to you: how important is globalization really?.....................................................13
2.2.2 The theory...........................................................................................................................13
2.2.3 Aspects of intensifying global economic competition..........................................................14
2.2.4 Free trade agreements.........................................................................................................14
2.2.5 Other examples....................................................................................................................14
2.3 Technological change: the impact on labour demand................................................................14
2.3.1 The car.................................................................................................................................14
2.3.2 Money..................................................................................................................................15
2.3.3 Paradigm..............................................................................................................................15
, 2.4 Trends in labor market inequalities.............................................................................................15
2.4.1 First trends in wage dispersion............................................................................................16
2.4.2 Summarizing so far..............................................................................................................16
2.4.3 Microtrends: superstart earnings.........................................................................................16
2.5 What are the explanations for this? – four explanations............................................................17
2.5.1 The mixed impact of globalization.......................................................................................17
2.5.2 The impact of technology on jobs is far more complex than one would think.....................19
2.5.3 The demand for high skilled workers may have increased, but so has the supply…............20
2.5.4 Institutions...........................................................................................................................20
3 SOTA 2: Work for nothing? Work, income and poverty in postindustrial labour markets..................23
3.1 A new social risk?........................................................................................................................23
3.2 The dependent variable: poverty................................................................................................23
3.2.1 Is poverty absolute or relative ?...........................................................................................23
3.2.2 Relative income poverty......................................................................................................24
3.3 On the link between employment and poverty..........................................................................25
3.3.1 Employment and poverty....................................................................................................25
3.3.2 What is the link between employment growth and poverty................................................25
3.3.3 So why has employment growth not delivered lower poverty?...........................................26
3.4 Understanding in-work poverty..................................................................................................28
3.4.1 In-work poverty or the working poor...................................................................................28
3.5 What can policy do?...................................................................................................................30
3.5.1 Policy options.......................................................................................................................30
3.5.2 Minimum wages..................................................................................................................30
3.5.3 But other policies matter as much.......................................................................................30
3.5.4 Model family approach example 1.......................................................................................30
3.5.5 Higher minimum wages?.....................................................................................................31
3.5.6 EITC-type schemes a model for Europe ?.............................................................................32
3.5.7 And there are disadvantages...............................................................................................33
, 3.6 Conclusion: so what needs to be done if we want more people in work and fewer in poverty? 33
4 SOTA 3: Ethnic inequalities in EU labor market..................................................................................35
4.1 Why should we care about ethnic inequalities in EU labor markets...........................................35
4.1.1 Western European societies have become increasingly diverse..........................................35
4.1.2 Immigration brings benefits and challenges........................................................................35
4.1.3 What about integration?......................................................................................................35
4.2 Scope of this presentation..........................................................................................................36
4.3 How do ethnic inequalities take shape?.....................................................................................36
4.4 What are the determinants of ethnic inequalities?....................................................................38
4.4.1 How can we explain migrants disadvantages?.....................................................................38
4.5 How can ethnic inequalities be reduced? What is the role for institutions and policies?...........43
4.6 Concluding remarks....................................................................................................................47
5 SOTA 4: Work and the welfare state: friends or foes?........................................................................49
5.1 For symbiosis to work.................................................................................................................49
5.2 So, what accounts for the rise in benefit dependency ?.............................................................50
5.2.1 First phase: the final years of the golden age.......................................................................50
5.2.2 Phase 2: the crisis necessitates expansion (1970-mid 1980’s).............................................50
5.2.3 Phase 3: Economic conditions improve but dependency keeps rising (1970s – mid 1990s) 51
5.2.4 Phase 4 (2000s)....................................................................................................................51
5.2.5 Phase 5 (2010s): benefit receipt levels finally come down for real......................................51
5.3 The other side: the decline of benefit adequacy........................................................................52
5.4 Poverty outcomes.......................................................................................................................53
5.5 Are there alternatives?...............................................................................................................53
5.5.1 Denmark, or another Nordic country...................................................................................53
5.5.2 A Dutch miracle?..................................................................................................................55
5.6 Overall conclusion.......................................................................................................................58
6 SOTA 5: Diversity in the labor market: curse or blessing?..................................................................61
6.1 Setting the scene........................................................................................................................61
, 6.1.1 Trends toward diversity in the labor market........................................................................61
6.1.2 Is everyone on board?.........................................................................................................63
6.1.3 Discussion in groups about 2030 goal..................................................................................63
6.1.4 Why not?.............................................................................................................................64
6.2 Workplace diversity: blessing or curse?......................................................................................65
6.2.1 Discuss the benefits and disadvantages of workplace diversity...........................................65
6.2.2 What does research say?.....................................................................................................65
6.2.3 What is inclusion? (Shore et al., 2011).................................................................................66
6.2.4 How to stimulate inclusion as an organization.....................................................................66
6.2.5 Intermediate conclusion......................................................................................................66
6.3 Is inclusion the key to success?...................................................................................................67
6.3.1 Critical reflection..................................................................................................................67
6.3.2 Final conclusion...................................................................................................................68
7 SOTA 6: Discrimination in the labor market.......................................................................................70
7.1 Last week in a nutshell................................................................................................................70
7.1.1 Exercise: write down your first thought about discrimination.............................................70
7.2 What is discrimination?..............................................................................................................70
7.2.1 Discrimination: types...........................................................................................................71
7.2.2 Discrimination: grounds.......................................................................................................71
7.3 Discrimination in the labor market.............................................................................................71
7.3.1 When?.................................................................................................................................71
7.3.2 Gender discrimination.........................................................................................................72
7.3.3 Low gap so are we gender equal?........................................................................................75
7.3.4 Why are there differences between countries?...................................................................75
7.4 Intermediate conclusion.............................................................................................................76
7.5 Age discrimination......................................................................................................................77
7.6 Racial discrimination...................................................................................................................78
7.7 Who cares?.................................................................................................................................78
1 Introduction: the world of work..........................................................................................................6
1.1 What is work?...............................................................................................................................6
1.2 How does the world of work look like?.........................................................................................6
1.3 What will we see in this course?...................................................................................................7
2 SOTA 1: The post-industrial labour market – is more inequality inevitable?........................................9
2.1 Setting the scene: Short history of post Golden Age thinking about labour markets in
industrialised countries......................................................................................................................9
2.1.1 Les Trente Glorieuses...........................................................................................................10
2.1.2 The first oil price shock (1973).............................................................................................10
2.1.3 Mass unemployment ensues...............................................................................................10
2.1.4 The Golden Age ends...........................................................................................................10
2.1.5 Unemployment explodes.....................................................................................................11
2.1.6 A new social question?........................................................................................................11
2.1.7 Storyline 1 – Globalization has fundamentally changed things............................................11
2.1.8 Storyline 2 – Technology is destroying jobs..........................................................................12
2.1.9 And yet - the puzzle.............................................................................................................12
2.2 The factor globalization: a threat to less skilled workers in rich economies?..............................13
2.2.1 Now over to you: how important is globalization really?.....................................................13
2.2.2 The theory...........................................................................................................................13
2.2.3 Aspects of intensifying global economic competition..........................................................14
2.2.4 Free trade agreements.........................................................................................................14
2.2.5 Other examples....................................................................................................................14
2.3 Technological change: the impact on labour demand................................................................14
2.3.1 The car.................................................................................................................................14
2.3.2 Money..................................................................................................................................15
2.3.3 Paradigm..............................................................................................................................15
, 2.4 Trends in labor market inequalities.............................................................................................15
2.4.1 First trends in wage dispersion............................................................................................16
2.4.2 Summarizing so far..............................................................................................................16
2.4.3 Microtrends: superstart earnings.........................................................................................16
2.5 What are the explanations for this? – four explanations............................................................17
2.5.1 The mixed impact of globalization.......................................................................................17
2.5.2 The impact of technology on jobs is far more complex than one would think.....................19
2.5.3 The demand for high skilled workers may have increased, but so has the supply…............20
2.5.4 Institutions...........................................................................................................................20
3 SOTA 2: Work for nothing? Work, income and poverty in postindustrial labour markets..................23
3.1 A new social risk?........................................................................................................................23
3.2 The dependent variable: poverty................................................................................................23
3.2.1 Is poverty absolute or relative ?...........................................................................................23
3.2.2 Relative income poverty......................................................................................................24
3.3 On the link between employment and poverty..........................................................................25
3.3.1 Employment and poverty....................................................................................................25
3.3.2 What is the link between employment growth and poverty................................................25
3.3.3 So why has employment growth not delivered lower poverty?...........................................26
3.4 Understanding in-work poverty..................................................................................................28
3.4.1 In-work poverty or the working poor...................................................................................28
3.5 What can policy do?...................................................................................................................30
3.5.1 Policy options.......................................................................................................................30
3.5.2 Minimum wages..................................................................................................................30
3.5.3 But other policies matter as much.......................................................................................30
3.5.4 Model family approach example 1.......................................................................................30
3.5.5 Higher minimum wages?.....................................................................................................31
3.5.6 EITC-type schemes a model for Europe ?.............................................................................32
3.5.7 And there are disadvantages...............................................................................................33
, 3.6 Conclusion: so what needs to be done if we want more people in work and fewer in poverty? 33
4 SOTA 3: Ethnic inequalities in EU labor market..................................................................................35
4.1 Why should we care about ethnic inequalities in EU labor markets...........................................35
4.1.1 Western European societies have become increasingly diverse..........................................35
4.1.2 Immigration brings benefits and challenges........................................................................35
4.1.3 What about integration?......................................................................................................35
4.2 Scope of this presentation..........................................................................................................36
4.3 How do ethnic inequalities take shape?.....................................................................................36
4.4 What are the determinants of ethnic inequalities?....................................................................38
4.4.1 How can we explain migrants disadvantages?.....................................................................38
4.5 How can ethnic inequalities be reduced? What is the role for institutions and policies?...........43
4.6 Concluding remarks....................................................................................................................47
5 SOTA 4: Work and the welfare state: friends or foes?........................................................................49
5.1 For symbiosis to work.................................................................................................................49
5.2 So, what accounts for the rise in benefit dependency ?.............................................................50
5.2.1 First phase: the final years of the golden age.......................................................................50
5.2.2 Phase 2: the crisis necessitates expansion (1970-mid 1980’s).............................................50
5.2.3 Phase 3: Economic conditions improve but dependency keeps rising (1970s – mid 1990s) 51
5.2.4 Phase 4 (2000s)....................................................................................................................51
5.2.5 Phase 5 (2010s): benefit receipt levels finally come down for real......................................51
5.3 The other side: the decline of benefit adequacy........................................................................52
5.4 Poverty outcomes.......................................................................................................................53
5.5 Are there alternatives?...............................................................................................................53
5.5.1 Denmark, or another Nordic country...................................................................................53
5.5.2 A Dutch miracle?..................................................................................................................55
5.6 Overall conclusion.......................................................................................................................58
6 SOTA 5: Diversity in the labor market: curse or blessing?..................................................................61
6.1 Setting the scene........................................................................................................................61
, 6.1.1 Trends toward diversity in the labor market........................................................................61
6.1.2 Is everyone on board?.........................................................................................................63
6.1.3 Discussion in groups about 2030 goal..................................................................................63
6.1.4 Why not?.............................................................................................................................64
6.2 Workplace diversity: blessing or curse?......................................................................................65
6.2.1 Discuss the benefits and disadvantages of workplace diversity...........................................65
6.2.2 What does research say?.....................................................................................................65
6.2.3 What is inclusion? (Shore et al., 2011).................................................................................66
6.2.4 How to stimulate inclusion as an organization.....................................................................66
6.2.5 Intermediate conclusion......................................................................................................66
6.3 Is inclusion the key to success?...................................................................................................67
6.3.1 Critical reflection..................................................................................................................67
6.3.2 Final conclusion...................................................................................................................68
7 SOTA 6: Discrimination in the labor market.......................................................................................70
7.1 Last week in a nutshell................................................................................................................70
7.1.1 Exercise: write down your first thought about discrimination.............................................70
7.2 What is discrimination?..............................................................................................................70
7.2.1 Discrimination: types...........................................................................................................71
7.2.2 Discrimination: grounds.......................................................................................................71
7.3 Discrimination in the labor market.............................................................................................71
7.3.1 When?.................................................................................................................................71
7.3.2 Gender discrimination.........................................................................................................72
7.3.3 Low gap so are we gender equal?........................................................................................75
7.3.4 Why are there differences between countries?...................................................................75
7.4 Intermediate conclusion.............................................................................................................76
7.5 Age discrimination......................................................................................................................77
7.6 Racial discrimination...................................................................................................................78
7.7 Who cares?.................................................................................................................................78
