Fundamentals of Nursing
Concepts, Process, and Practice
Kozier & Erb’s │9th Edition
Health, Wellness, Illness
Health was defined in terms of the presence or 5. Spiritual
absence of disease. 6. Occupational
7. Environmental
Florence Nightingale
“state of being well and using Models of Health and Wellness
every power the individual Because health is such a complex concept,
possesses to the fullest extent.” various researchers have developed models or
paradigms to explain health and in some
World Health Organization instances its relationship to illness or injury.
“a state of complete physical, 1. Clinical Model
mental, and social well-being, 2. Role Performance Model
and not merely the absence of 3. Adaptive Model
disease or infirmity.” 4. Eudemonistic Model
5. Agent–Host–Environment Model
Talcott Parsons 6. Health–Illness Continua
Conceptualized health as the
ability to maintain normal roles. Illness is a highly personal state in which
the person’s physical, emotional,
intellectual, social, developmental, or
spiritual functioning is thought to be
Wellness is a state of well-being. diminished.
Anspaugh, Hamrick, and Rosato (2009) Disease can be described as an
propose seven components of wellness. alteration in body functions resulting in
Components of wellness a reduction of capacities or a shortening
1. Physical of the normal life span.
2. Social Etiology causation of a disease or
3. Emotional condition.
4. Intellectual
, Acute illness is typically characterized Abraham Maslow (1970), perhaps the most
by symptoms of relatively short duration. renowned needs theorist, ranks human needs
Chronic illness is one that lasts for an on five levels.
extended period, usually 6 months or Five levels in ascending order are as
longer, and often for the person’s life. follows:
Illness behavior, a coping mechanism, 1. Physiological needs. Needs such as
involves ways individuals describe, air, food, water, shelter, rest, sleep,
monitor, and interpret their symptoms, activity, and temperature maintenance
take remedial actions, and use the are crucial for survival.
health care system. 2. Safety and security needs. The need
for safety has both physical and
Remission, when the symptoms psychological aspects. The person needs
disappear. to feel safe, both in the physical
Exacerbation, when the symptoms environment and in relationships.
reappear. 3. Love and belonging needs. The third
level of needs includes giving and
Levels of Care receiving affection, attaining a place in a
Promoting health and wellness group, and maintaining the feeling of
Preventing illness belonging.
Restoring of health 4. Self-esteem needs. The individual
Care for the dying needs both self-esteem (i.e., feelings of
Levels of prevention occur at various points independence, competence, and self-
of a course of disease progression. Leavell and respect) and esteem from others (i.e.,
clark (1965) defined three levels of prevention: recognition, respect, and appreciation).
primary, secondary, and tertiary. 5. Self-actualization. When the need for
1. Primary prevention focuses on (a) self-esteem is satisfied, the individual
health promotion and (b) protection strives for self-actualization, the innate
against specific health problems (e.g., need to develop one’s maximum
immunization against hepatitis B). potential and realize one’s abilities and
2. Secondary prevention focuses on (a) qualities.
early identification of health problems
and (b) prompt intervention to alleviate Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
health problems. is in every nurse’s toolbox for setting
3. Tertiary prevention focuses on patient care priorities.
restoration and rehabilitation with the
goal of returning the individual to an
optimal level of functioning.
Needs Theories
In needs theories, human needs are
ranked on an ascending scale according
to how essential the needs are for
survival.
Concepts, Process, and Practice
Kozier & Erb’s │9th Edition
Health, Wellness, Illness
Health was defined in terms of the presence or 5. Spiritual
absence of disease. 6. Occupational
7. Environmental
Florence Nightingale
“state of being well and using Models of Health and Wellness
every power the individual Because health is such a complex concept,
possesses to the fullest extent.” various researchers have developed models or
paradigms to explain health and in some
World Health Organization instances its relationship to illness or injury.
“a state of complete physical, 1. Clinical Model
mental, and social well-being, 2. Role Performance Model
and not merely the absence of 3. Adaptive Model
disease or infirmity.” 4. Eudemonistic Model
5. Agent–Host–Environment Model
Talcott Parsons 6. Health–Illness Continua
Conceptualized health as the
ability to maintain normal roles. Illness is a highly personal state in which
the person’s physical, emotional,
intellectual, social, developmental, or
spiritual functioning is thought to be
Wellness is a state of well-being. diminished.
Anspaugh, Hamrick, and Rosato (2009) Disease can be described as an
propose seven components of wellness. alteration in body functions resulting in
Components of wellness a reduction of capacities or a shortening
1. Physical of the normal life span.
2. Social Etiology causation of a disease or
3. Emotional condition.
4. Intellectual
, Acute illness is typically characterized Abraham Maslow (1970), perhaps the most
by symptoms of relatively short duration. renowned needs theorist, ranks human needs
Chronic illness is one that lasts for an on five levels.
extended period, usually 6 months or Five levels in ascending order are as
longer, and often for the person’s life. follows:
Illness behavior, a coping mechanism, 1. Physiological needs. Needs such as
involves ways individuals describe, air, food, water, shelter, rest, sleep,
monitor, and interpret their symptoms, activity, and temperature maintenance
take remedial actions, and use the are crucial for survival.
health care system. 2. Safety and security needs. The need
for safety has both physical and
Remission, when the symptoms psychological aspects. The person needs
disappear. to feel safe, both in the physical
Exacerbation, when the symptoms environment and in relationships.
reappear. 3. Love and belonging needs. The third
level of needs includes giving and
Levels of Care receiving affection, attaining a place in a
Promoting health and wellness group, and maintaining the feeling of
Preventing illness belonging.
Restoring of health 4. Self-esteem needs. The individual
Care for the dying needs both self-esteem (i.e., feelings of
Levels of prevention occur at various points independence, competence, and self-
of a course of disease progression. Leavell and respect) and esteem from others (i.e.,
clark (1965) defined three levels of prevention: recognition, respect, and appreciation).
primary, secondary, and tertiary. 5. Self-actualization. When the need for
1. Primary prevention focuses on (a) self-esteem is satisfied, the individual
health promotion and (b) protection strives for self-actualization, the innate
against specific health problems (e.g., need to develop one’s maximum
immunization against hepatitis B). potential and realize one’s abilities and
2. Secondary prevention focuses on (a) qualities.
early identification of health problems
and (b) prompt intervention to alleviate Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
health problems. is in every nurse’s toolbox for setting
3. Tertiary prevention focuses on patient care priorities.
restoration and rehabilitation with the
goal of returning the individual to an
optimal level of functioning.
Needs Theories
In needs theories, human needs are
ranked on an ascending scale according
to how essential the needs are for
survival.
