NSC 101 CH. 1,2,3 Comprehensive Exam Prep Questions And Detailed Answers.

What are chronic diseases influenced by nutrition? - correct answer Obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, osteoporosis, hypertension What are the six classes of nutrients? - correct answer carbs, lipids, protiens, vitamins, minerals and water What is the difference between micro and macro nutrients and what is their role? - correct answer Macronutrient: a nutrient needed in gram quantities of a diet (carbs, lipids, proteins) Micronutrient: a nutrient needed in milligram or microgram quantities in a diet (vitamins, minerals) What is a kilocalorie? - correct answer Heat energy needed to raise the temp of 1000 grams (1 L) of water 1 degree Celsius calories Carbs (4 kcal per g), fats (9 kcal per g), proteins (4 kcal per g), alcohol (7 kcal per g) What is the scientific method? - correct answer -Step 1: observations made and questions asked -Step 2: hypothesis generated -Step 3: research experiment conducted to test hypothesis -Step 4: results evaluated by other scientists and reported in a publication -Step 5: follow up experiments to confirm/ extend -Step 6: hypothesis accepted or rejected What are the types of stories? - correct answer -Case control studies: show that obese patients are much more likely to have type 2 diabetes than the leaner comparison group that is matched for other characteristics (looks at the data) -Observations by physicians indicate that type 2 diabetes is much more common in their obese patients than in leaner patients -Epidemiological studies: show that type 2 diabetes is more commonly found in obese populations than leaner populations (large numbers of people) -Laboratory animal studies: show that overfeeding animals that leads to obesity also often leads to the development of type 2 diabetes (manipulations with diets on animals) -Human studies: show that weight loss can correct type 2 diabetes in many people (clinical trial, manipulate things on human subjects, treatment and control) (the opportunity to show cause and effect when you have animal and human studies) What are the dietary guidelines for Americans? - correct answer -Very general guidelines for people to strive toward DRI's - correct answer -Specific recommendations based on healthy population, divided by gender and age group Abbreviations: RDA, AI, UL, EER, AMDR - correct answer -RDA: recommended dietary allowances -AI: adequate intakes -EER: estimated energy requirements -AMDR: acceptable macronutrient distribution range My Plate - correct answer -USDA, visual guide for individuals to follow to build a healthy diet, a menu planning tool Nutrition Facts Panel, %DV (calc of 2000 kcal diet or 2500 kcal diet) - correct answer -Daily Value is the nutrient standard used on the Nutrition Facts portion of the food label -The percent Daily Value for each nutrient is based on consuming a 2000-kcal diet -Set at or close to the highest RDA value or related nutrient standard -DVs have been set for vitamins, minerals, protein, other dietary components -Allow intake comparison from a specific food to desirable (or maximum) intakes Nutrient and Health Claims - correct answer -Health claims—closely regulated by FDA -Preliminary health claims—regulated by FDA but evidence may be scant for the claim -Nutrient claims—closely regulated by FDA -Structure/function claims—these are not FDA-approved or necessarily valid Nutritional Assessment basics: - correct answer -Environmental assessment o Living conditions, education level, ability to purchase, transport, and cook food. Weekly budget for food purchases -Anthropometric assessment o Body weight lengths, circumferences, and thicknesses of parts of the body -Biochemical assessments o Concentrations of nutrient by products or enzyme activities in blood or urine -Clinical assessment o General appearance of skin, eyes and tongue; evidence of rapid hair loss; sense of touch; ability to cough, walk -Dietary assessment o Estimation of typical food choices relying on the recounting of one's usual intake or record of previous days' intake The cell, lipid bilayer, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria - correct answer -Cells are separated from other cells by the lipid bilayer -Watery area of the cell is the cytoplasm -Glucose can be metabolized in the cytosol -Mitochondria is where energy metabolizes -Nucleus is the power house of the cell Cell - Tissue - Organs - Systems - correct answer -Cells form tissues form organs, organs form systems Relationship of nervous, endocrine, urinary, immune systems to nutrition - correct answer -Urinary o Gets rid of liquid waste, nutrients and excess -Nervous -Endocrine (hormonal) o Insulin, etc. -Nervous and endocrine systems are involved in regulation in a hunger situation (low blood glucose, insulin will be released) -Immune Cardiovascular System - correct answer -Body system consisting of heart, blood vessels, and blood -System transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body -Plays role in immune responses and regulation of body temperature -Hepatic portal circulation