PH 310 Exam 2 Questions With
Complete Solution
infants nutritional needs - ANSWER 0-12 months of age, need to actively obtain
nutrients, rapid growth (baby doubles in size first 5 months), increasing levels of activity
as infants mature, growth and development
6-12 months - ANSWER recommended to start supplementing diet
infant kcal needs - ANSWER 492-606 kcal/day (100 vs. 30 kcal/kg/day which is for adults)
fats in infants - ANSWER 0-6 months fat is main energy source (55%), 7-12 months fat is
40% of energy - helps with nervous system development- cell membrane integrity- brain
tissue and eye development - essential fatty acids
carbohydrates - ANSWER 0-6 months high in lactose - 7-12 months increase in percent
energy from carbohydrates
lactase non persistence - ANSWER lactase non persistence- lactase gene expression is
reduced after infancy inability to digest lactose due to enzyme deficiency
proteins in infancy - ANSWER double the amount required compared to that of adults -
protein requirements easily met through breast milk formula
iron in infancy - ANSWER levels low in breast milk infants have adequate stores from
birth up until about 6 months- supplement infant with 1 mg per day if the mother was iron
deficient during pregnancy or if the baby is breastfed exclusively past 6 months
vitamin D in infancy - ANSWER deficiency risk is high in breast fed infants - low transfer
of vitamin D from mother to breast milk - supplementation of 400 IU/day highly
recommended for infants - risk factors: reduced exposure to sunlight - colder climate
and polluted areas and darker skin
fluoride in infancy - ANSWER 6 months and older adequate levels needed for teeth and
bone development - recommendation to brush teeth and gums with pea sized drop of
fluoride toothpaste
fluorosis - ANSWER overexposure to fluoride - includes spotting of teeth and ligament
calcification
vitamin K in infancy - ANSWER plays a role in blood clotting - newborns are at risk for
hemorrhaging- newborns receive an injection of Vitamin K - provides adequate vitamin
K until gut bacteria can start synthesizing it
, first food offering - ANSWER help infant build mouth and tongue muscle - 1-2 tbsp of rice
or oatmeal cereal - fortified with iron
liquids - ANSWER 0-6 months - no liquids- exclusively breastfed- water is an empty filler-
water is only given when the baby is sick or in a hot and humid climate
6+ months: water throughout the day is okay after 6 months - breastfeeding should be
continued until 1 year - 12 months you can transition to cows milk
nursing bottle syndrome - ANSWER increased sugar contact time with teeth loss - juice
not recommended until 1 year of age and then it should be mixed with water and never
given in a bottle
foods infants should avoid - ANSWER nuts, whole grapes, sticky food, hard/raw fruits
and veggies, honey, cows milk
growth chart - ANSWER a plot of typical growth patterns of infants, children and
adolescents - measures against population standards of infants of same age, sex
exclusive breastfeeding - ANSWER no other food or drink, not even water, except
breastmilk
partial breastfeeding - ANSWER providing the infant a mix of breastmilk and formula
complementary foods - ANSWER solid foods provided to the infant in addition to
breastmilk
breastfeeding recommendations - ANSWER exclusively breastfeeding for 6 months-
continue breastfeeding for as long as mutually desired by mother until 2 years of age
with appropriate complementary foods
prolactin - ANSWER stimulates milk production
oxytocin - ANSWER stimulates contraction and release the milk
3 stages of breastmilk - ANSWER 1. colostrum
2. transitional
3. mature
colostrum - ANSWER -produced 2-4 days following birth
-first fluid produced following birth
-"immature milk"
high levels of immune factors,
-lower in fat and carbohydrates
Complete Solution
infants nutritional needs - ANSWER 0-12 months of age, need to actively obtain
nutrients, rapid growth (baby doubles in size first 5 months), increasing levels of activity
as infants mature, growth and development
6-12 months - ANSWER recommended to start supplementing diet
infant kcal needs - ANSWER 492-606 kcal/day (100 vs. 30 kcal/kg/day which is for adults)
fats in infants - ANSWER 0-6 months fat is main energy source (55%), 7-12 months fat is
40% of energy - helps with nervous system development- cell membrane integrity- brain
tissue and eye development - essential fatty acids
carbohydrates - ANSWER 0-6 months high in lactose - 7-12 months increase in percent
energy from carbohydrates
lactase non persistence - ANSWER lactase non persistence- lactase gene expression is
reduced after infancy inability to digest lactose due to enzyme deficiency
proteins in infancy - ANSWER double the amount required compared to that of adults -
protein requirements easily met through breast milk formula
iron in infancy - ANSWER levels low in breast milk infants have adequate stores from
birth up until about 6 months- supplement infant with 1 mg per day if the mother was iron
deficient during pregnancy or if the baby is breastfed exclusively past 6 months
vitamin D in infancy - ANSWER deficiency risk is high in breast fed infants - low transfer
of vitamin D from mother to breast milk - supplementation of 400 IU/day highly
recommended for infants - risk factors: reduced exposure to sunlight - colder climate
and polluted areas and darker skin
fluoride in infancy - ANSWER 6 months and older adequate levels needed for teeth and
bone development - recommendation to brush teeth and gums with pea sized drop of
fluoride toothpaste
fluorosis - ANSWER overexposure to fluoride - includes spotting of teeth and ligament
calcification
vitamin K in infancy - ANSWER plays a role in blood clotting - newborns are at risk for
hemorrhaging- newborns receive an injection of Vitamin K - provides adequate vitamin
K until gut bacteria can start synthesizing it
, first food offering - ANSWER help infant build mouth and tongue muscle - 1-2 tbsp of rice
or oatmeal cereal - fortified with iron
liquids - ANSWER 0-6 months - no liquids- exclusively breastfed- water is an empty filler-
water is only given when the baby is sick or in a hot and humid climate
6+ months: water throughout the day is okay after 6 months - breastfeeding should be
continued until 1 year - 12 months you can transition to cows milk
nursing bottle syndrome - ANSWER increased sugar contact time with teeth loss - juice
not recommended until 1 year of age and then it should be mixed with water and never
given in a bottle
foods infants should avoid - ANSWER nuts, whole grapes, sticky food, hard/raw fruits
and veggies, honey, cows milk
growth chart - ANSWER a plot of typical growth patterns of infants, children and
adolescents - measures against population standards of infants of same age, sex
exclusive breastfeeding - ANSWER no other food or drink, not even water, except
breastmilk
partial breastfeeding - ANSWER providing the infant a mix of breastmilk and formula
complementary foods - ANSWER solid foods provided to the infant in addition to
breastmilk
breastfeeding recommendations - ANSWER exclusively breastfeeding for 6 months-
continue breastfeeding for as long as mutually desired by mother until 2 years of age
with appropriate complementary foods
prolactin - ANSWER stimulates milk production
oxytocin - ANSWER stimulates contraction and release the milk
3 stages of breastmilk - ANSWER 1. colostrum
2. transitional
3. mature
colostrum - ANSWER -produced 2-4 days following birth
-first fluid produced following birth
-"immature milk"
high levels of immune factors,
-lower in fat and carbohydrates
